The Culture Of The And Costa Rica - 1650 Words

Globalization influence almost everything around the world from the largest to the smallest country. The world leaders in how business is conducted to the appeal we wear and how our dietary needs are met. Belize and Costa Rica are two examples of the creative balancing act needed to understand the past to use the knowledge for making the informal decision, such as on cultural issues, environmental, religion choices, language, and economic development. Spanish explorers imprint has been left in Belize and Costa Rica throughout each infrastructure, religion and demographic. However, the first to establish a legacy were the Mayans. Although the Spanish conquered the indigenous people and attempted to erase their existence, we have discovered remains left behind more than a hundred years ago. These excavations have revealed incredible relics that the tremendous contribution they left in the world. Take for instance the Lamanai, is an unreconstructed memorial center, which, was idled in t he 300 BC the construction resembles the pyramids with a flat top design generally used for religious practices. Among the ruins the government initiated clean up and uncovered artifacts detailing the Mayans daily lives, cultural actives, and tool. Whereas the influence of the Spanish invasion are likely to be seen in the form of religion. The Spanish left behind architecture, remnants such as grand cathedrals. St. John’s Cathedral located in the town’s main square. The cathedral like many othersShow MoreRelatedCosta Rica Culture Paper2043 Words   |  9 PagesEver wanted to go south to a Latin American country? Well there is plenty to choose from but my best pick of where to go would be to this little, beautiful country culturally and physically, called Costa Rica. You don t believe me, huh? Decide for yourself. 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Located ten degrees north of the equator Costa Rica is in the tropics and even though it is a small country it has a very diverse landscape and a variety of weather as well. One unusual aspect of Costa Rica is that the country has no armyRead MoreCosta Ric A Central American Country1165 Words   |  5 PagesCosta Rica is a Central American country located between Panama and Nicaragua. The west and east coast of Costa Rica are facing the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The main language spoken is Spanish, although English is widely heard. This country is very popular among surfers because the most powerful waves known to man are enjoyed in the town of Tamarindo. Costa Rica is the safest country in the region because of its booming economy and general friendliness of the people. Also, majority of the countryRead More Costa Rica Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pages Costa Rica nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Known for it’s natural beauty and gracious people is a small country located in Central America. 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A Study of Development and Analysis of Plasma and Lcd Tv Industry Free Essays

(1) Title of the Research Work: â€Å"A STUDY OF DEVELOPMENT AND ANALYSIS OF PLASMA AND LCD TV INDUSTRY AND IT’S IMPACT ON GENERAL CTV MARKET:- WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MUMBAI REGION† (2) Introduction: History and development of audiovisual medium: Perception is the frame of mind of a customer about a particular product or service which customer would like to avail. It is the way a customer look at anything. In short it is the process of perceiving about anything. We will write a custom essay sample on A Study of Development and Analysis of Plasma and Lcd Tv Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Customer perception about any product or service is an important parameter in the whole marketing scenario and global economy as well. It contributes to the social, cultural, environmental, political and economic growth of the nation. Post-war mass communication and media studies have had two periods of radical change, the late 1960s-early 1970s and the1980s, of which the former was characterized by the rise of Marxism and the latter by its decline. These transformations did not take place simultaneously in all countries, but as a generalization this seems to hold true. For instance, Frands Mortensen (1994) recalls the year 1977 as the turning point when critical vocabulary in his work began, for the time being at least, to fade out. Mortensen’s fate was shared by many of the turn-of-the-seventies generation throughout Europe, the soixante-huitards or ’68ers’ as the French call them. As a result, some avoided radical thought altogether, denouncing their Marxist past; others changed to postmodernism, while a few still adhered to the Marxist project by trying to reshape it. However, they all had to keep abreast of the new 1980s generation– a generation more in tune with economies of deregulation, individualist policies and cultural anti-modernism. The 20th century has witnessed at least three periods during which the nature and status of moving images have been at the centre of more or less comprehensive cultural-theoretical concerns: one in the 1920s with the stabilization of the feature film and film art; one in the 1950s and 1960s with the emergence of full-blown television; and one from the 1980s to the present with the transformation of television, combined with the introduction of video and computer- based media. One of the underlying assumptions during this 70-year-debate boils down to the idea that if there is one thing that characterizes 20th-century culture, at least its latter half, then it is audiovisuality. It is this view that unites 1920s avant-gardists and cineaste-critics (e. g. Balazs 1982), 1950s and 1960s filmologists in France and Italy (e. g. Cohen-Seat 1961)who receded but were, unfortunately, overshadowed by Marshall McLuhan, and the 1980s postmodernists (e. . Kroker Cook 1986). In the following discussion, I will, on the basis of this continuing debate, assume the centrality of image and sound media to our century. One of the key issues in audiovisual media theory, then, is concerned with accounting for this centrality of moving images in contemporary life. It is here, I argue, that the Frankfurt School may still prove helpful. In what sense is the 20th century the â€Å"age of the image† (Gance 1927) as well as that of the society of spectacle, entertainment and interaction? Or, how are the increasing audiovisual and aesthetic components of 20th century civilization interconnected? To answer these questions, media theory has to account for four major empirical phenomena and historical periods (for another synoptically view of the audiovisual 20th century, cf. Zielinski 1989): the birth and beginnings of film (The Age of Early Cinema, 1895-1915), the heyday of the standard feature film (The Age of the Classical Hollywood Film, 1920-1960), the replacement of cinema films by television as the major audiovisual medium (The Age of Paleo-television, 1960-1980) and the transformation of television in the new audiovisual landscape of, inter alia, video and multimedia (The Age of Neo-television, 1980-; the terms ‘paleo-’ and ‘neo-television’,coming from Umberto Eco, seem to have established themselves [cf. e. g. Casetti Odin 1990]). Because these are understandably highly complex and still insufficiently explored issues, let me just give a cursory idea of the explanatory potential of Critical media theory: I will elaborate on the argument that each change of period –from the early cinema to the Hollywood film, from the Hollywood film to paleo-television and from paleo- to neo-television –involves expansion and intensification of some aspects of the general aesthetisisation of the everyday world To simplify matters for this essay, I shall attribute one single explanatory aspect to each change. First, what distinguishes the classical film of the Hollywood type from early cinema is the standardization of three major attributes: the length, type and screening time of the film. As a result, going to the movies means going to see a fiction film at a scheduled time. What this amounts to is to make film-viewing akin to attending more traditional spectacles such as theare, opera or ballet. In other words, it intensifies the spectacularity of films, for from now on moving images are to be received with more sustained concentration. The symbol for this new relation is perhaps first of all the film star, who functions as the imagined object of identifications and projections inherent in one’s relation to the spectacle of films. Second, of the many differences between the cinema film and broadcast television, two are relevant in this context: moving images are privatized as they enter the home and their viewing becomes a daily pursuit. It is in this way that television, like the periodic press and broadcast radio before it, begins to bind the home incessantly to the outside world, which means a tremendous expansion of the interactive potential of moving images. What is new in these image-relations is perhaps captured best by the recurring, wave-like nature of such television programmes as news, fiction series or sport events; it is their ability a community or an audience out of them that crystallises their interactiveness. Third, the change from paleo- to neo-television mainly implies Americanisation, i. e. , commercialization in a multi-channel context, and seems to concern predominantly the development of European television. The struggle for maximising audiences forces channels to find ways both to attract viewers and to allure them to stay tuned. In this process, entertainment – fiction more probably than fact, exciting fact more probably than non-exciting – is likely to gain the upperhand. An application of Horkheimer and Adorno’s culture-industry theory to the Audiovisual 20th Century: the periods, the determinants of the changes of period and the corresponding paradigms crystallising the changes. 895-1915: The Age of Early Cinema : Spectacle: Film star : 1915-1960: The Age of the Classical Hollywood Film : Interaction: News, fiction series, sports event : 1960-1980: The Age of Paleo-television : Entertainment:TV commercial : 1980- : The Age of Neo-television Considering the commercial as the prototype of this trend, but it is such basic virtues of television commercials as non-seriousness (‘nothing really matters that much’) which in the Age of Neo-television tend to become universalised. Granting the centrality of audiovisual media in the 20th century and the heuristic contribution reading Dialectic of Enlightenment may make to our understanding of it, what other reasons could be offered after the adverse 1980s conditions in defence of the re-actualisation of the Frankfurt School in media and mass communication studies? To conclude, let me pursue two further arguments. First, dissatisfaction with French theorizing has for some time now made room for alternative strains of critical thought; this dissolution of the structuralist and post-structuralist dynasty (cf. Steinman1988 on its repercussions on US film and television studies) has benefitted, among others, American pragmatism (Rorty), Soviet semiotics (Bakhtin) and the Frankfurt School (Adorno). As a matter of fact, it has been argued (Hohendahl 1992) that since the 1980s Adorno has become more popular as a research subject than he ever was at the peak of the student movement. Second,if one is to believe the opinion of the majority to be gathered from a recent survey of the field (Levy Gurevitch 1993), the mass communication research community, especially its US quarters, have been seized by a sense of disorientation. The name of the malaise is marginalisation: media scholars feel as if they are out of touch with more established disciplines (what is more, this feeling is supported by prevailing citation patterns of the field; cf. So 1988). There is no panacea for the situation because the discipline is filled with contradictory pressures, but one could argue, like Graham Murdock (1991), that mass communication research should regain its contact with the general project of the human sciences, which is the historical study of modernity. It is especially here that the tradition of the Frankfurt School, as the ases of Jurgen Habermas and others exhibit, has not reached the end of its journey yet. It is in this sense that the intimate relationship between audiovisuality and what has been termed the â€Å"Short Twentieth Century† (Hobsbawm 1994) turns into one of the key avenues by which media studies can approach and contribute to the study of modernity and its contemporary vicissitudes. (3) In dian television industry The Indian Television industry is going through turbulent transformation. Companies are relooking at their strategies and are desperate for growth. The entrenched position of the Indian market leaders in CTVs’ like Videocon, BPL and Onida has been challenged by the MNCs such as LG, AIWA, Akai, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony, Philips and Sharp; some in a perceptible way and others threatening to do so. The changing environment demands fresh thinking to gain the cutting edge advantage. This study attempts to look at the various customer perception oriented factors operating in the PLASMA and LCD television industry irrespective of the brand of the television Indian or Imported. (4) New developments in CTV industry: An introduction of PLASMA and LCD television in the TV market: Technology may have blurred the differences, but television viewing is more than just about watching moving images. Once you’ve made the right choice, the picture is clearer. Choosing a television set can be quite a daunting task especially if the customer is looking for an LCD or plasma. Choices abound and there are some myths about the technologies, too. Unlike what many believe, there are major differences between the two types and you can’t substitute one type for the other merely on their looks. To be honest, there isn’t much of a hood to look under. But inside the sleek and thin exterior, plasma TVs employ a matrix of tiny plasma gas cells that are charged by precise electrical voltage to create a picture. In the case of LCD panels, liquid crystal display make up the screen. Imagine liquid crystal pressed between two glass plates to which varying electrical charge is applied to create an image. That’s an LCD television. Despite the advances made in LCD and plasma technology, however, there are experts and gamers (they really do use TVs a lot) maintain that CRT (cathode ray tube or our regular TV) still offers the best quality. Depending on customer’s budget and his requirements (maybe in that order of preference), the choice of an LCD or plasma TV will vary. One line of thinking insists that for basic home theatre requirements, plasma screens are slightly better since they can render black better than LCD TVs. This means that the contrast and, therefore , the level of detail on a plasma TV would be better. The reason LCDs cannot achieve as true a black as plasma TVs can has to do with the liquid that is backlit and does leak a little. Improvements are happening all the time and in due course, this should be rectified, but by then, plasma may have become the predominant choice. In addition to the above, one of the major factors in favour of plasma TVs is their better viewing angle. This allows viewers to sit at acute angles and still get a clear picture. But it’s not all bad for LCD TVs. One of the biggest advantages they have over plasma TVs is the price . But even technically, there are some advantages that an LCD TV offers. For instance, LCD TVs have higher native resolutions than plasma TVs of the same size. What this means is there are more pixels on the screen and if you are one of those who like to see every minute detail, an LCD may offer more. Of course, this also depends on the source and an ordinary cable TV connection won’t let you notice the difference. The one myth about LCD TVs that doesn’t hold true for new generation models is the ‘blur’ that was noted in fast scenes or when watching sports (more noticeable when watching a car race as opposed to cricket or snooker! ). This has improved significantly and the difference between a plasma and LCD in this regard is almost negligible. The running cost of a TV is something that many don’t consider. With increasing screen sizes, the power consumption will also increase and in this regard, LCD TVs outscore plasma TVs once again. LCD TVs are said to consume up to 30% less power than plasma TVs. An another downside that plasma TVs suffer from is the screen burn-in. For whatever reason (and we cannot really think of a reason good enough), you leave your TV on with a still image (say you paused a movie), there is a chance that the ghost of this image may get burned in permanently on the screen. Which means that even if you turn it off, a faded image of this will be visible. While newer generation Plasma TVs suffer less from this ailment, it hasn’t been entirely eradicated. And if you are wondering about TV channel logos, they are translucent and don’t leave the same sort of ghost behind! When you are looking at plasma or LCD TVs, you may come across a piece of information that says â€Å"60,000 hours† or some such number. This is the time for which your plasma TV will have optimum brightness after which it will start to fade off. In case of plasma TVs, the accepted duration ranges between 30,000 and 60,000 hours while in case of LCD TVs, it is virtually guaranteed for 60,000 hours. If you actually convert this to days, it works out to about 2,500 days or about six years of continuous viewing. * LCD TVs offer more pixels and so you can see more minute details * LCD TVs are said to consume up to 30% less power than plasmas * Plasma screens render black better than LCD TVs. The contrast and level of detail are therefore better * Plasmas offer better viewing angles. It allows you to get a clear picture even from acute angles. Hence after having the preliminary information we get convinced that, it is the customer’s perception which finally takes decision about the type of TV to be purchased. (LCD OR PLASMA TV) 5) Exact nature of the study: As because the differentiation from the customer’s point of view, is no more existed as far as the PLASMA AND LCD television field is concerned, the researcher is interested to find out the perception oriented competent parameters(dominant areas) which are driving the PLASMA AND LCD television market in Mumbai regio n. In doing so, the researcher will be surveying the customer, user and dealers (retailer) in Mumbai market to analyse the PLASMA and LCD television market. (6) Objectives of the study: a)To identify and analyse various factors influencing the purchase of TV set by the customer. )To differentiate the factors between PLASMA TV and LCD TV. c) To study the impact of new developments (PLASMA TV and LCD TV) on traditional CTV market in Mumbai region. d)To study the current scenario of various companies manufacturing and marketing PLASMA and LCD TV and normal CTV in India. e)To understand the customers’ preferences about the various parameters of PLASMA over LCD TV. IMPORTANCE AND NEED OF THE STUDY: A) Now a days the PLASMA and LCD TV manufacturing and marketing Companies are relooking for the best strategies and are desperate for growth. B) This study will provide the preference of the customer in the changing marketing environment. C) This study will provide the complete knowledge about the factors influencing customers’ preference to the CTV market. D) It will make the supplier alert about his own strengths and weaknesses and ultimately will give an insight to enhance his sales in the market. Also the supplier will be aware about favourable and unfavourable factors of the customer which influence on the profitability of the industry. E) It will be witnessing a new scenario with a new market profile. F) To the layman, however, it’s not the technology and how it works that matters but it’s the quality of the TV that he is worried about. Both LCD and PLASMA TVs offer excellent picture quality. But obviously both have their pros and cons. With this study the producer will get an opportunity to understand the same. Significance of CUSTOMER PERCEPTION in TV MEDIUM: 1)To offer better quality of service to the customer after knowing the perception about the product. 2) It would be more convenient to design better Marketing strategy. 3) Provide fast response to the customer (7) Research Methodology Research Design Research Methodology includes the type of primary and secondary research used for this project i. e. the way in which the data are collected for the research project. The methodology will also include the plan for sampling, the relevant field work and the analysis tools to be sued to interpret the data so collected. Methodology refers to more than a simple set of methods; rather it refers to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions that underlie a particular study. This is why scholarly literature often includes a section on the methodology of the researchers. A Research Design provides the framework to be sued as a guide in collecting and analyzing data. Research can be Exploratory, Descriptive or of Casual type. Amongst this Descriptive Research Design has been chosen to carry out this project. Descriptive Research is carried out with definite objective(s) and hence it results in definite conclusion. This research tries to describe the opinion of the respondents on the selected topic of the project. Hypothesis: 1) Customer prefer LCD TV over PLASMA TV. 2) There is a significant impact of PLASMA and LCD TV on the sales of general CTV. Universe of the Study: The universe of the study is all customer, user, dealers(retailers) in the Mumbai region only. Sampling Plan : About 100 customers(mix of perspective customers and users) and around 50 retailers will be selected as a representative sample from all over Mumbai. As the study is limited to Mumbai city, all the samples will be randomly selected from Mumbai city only. Census is the process of obtaining response from / about each of the member of the population which is not always possible due to the various constraints to the researcher like time, cost etc. In such situations the alternate method of data collection is sampling. Sampling is the process of selecting a subset of randomized number of constituents of the population of the study and collecting data about their characteristics, facts and opinions. Sampling takes lesser time to collect data at lesser cost and also as the data is less its accuracy often increases as compared to huge data. Sampling methods can be classified into probability and non-probability sampling. In probability sampling each unit in the population has a probability of being selected as the unit of the sample which varies as per method of probability sampling is chosen. In non-probability sampling there may be instances that certain units of population will have zero probability of selection because the interviewer considered his / her own judgment, convenience and bias for the selection of the sample units of such sampling. Though the probability sampling gives better accuracy in terms of confidence level of the inferences of the study, there are many practical difficulties in fully executing it6. Further, the sample can also be stratified based on the various governing variables. Appropriate questionnaires will be structured and circulated amongst the sampling units. Sampling Tools The Primary Research shall be focused on Survey, Expert Consultations and Qualitative Research which will include in depth interviews, The specific tools will include. †¢ Questionnaire †¢ Personal Discussions / Interviews schedules. Data collection Data is the basic input to any decision making process in a research study; processing which gives the statistics of importance of the study which can be categorized in to primary and secondary data. A) Primary data: Primary data may be collected from customer, user, dealers (retailers) through schedules and questionnaires. B) Secondary data: Secondary data can be traced from office record, journals, annual reports and other office documents. Analysis Interpretation of Data: Statistics is the art and science of collecting, analyzing, presenting, and interpreting data7. The reason for analyzing data is to understand the variation and its causes in the phenomenon. Since variation is present in all the phenomena, knowledge of it leads to better decisions about a phenomenon that produces the data. It is from this perspective that the learning of statistics enables the decision maker to understand how to draw conclusions about the large population based upon information obtained from the sample. For the purpose of this research: the thought process that focuses on ways to discover, manage, and decrease the variation present in all phenomenon is statistical thinking; data is the collection of observations of variables of interest while the population is the collection of all elements of interest. This research study is focused on statistical theory in formulating and solving problems. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics methods will be used in the research; descriptive statistics will include graphic and numeric method both. Limitations of the study: a)The geographical location of the study is limited to Mumbai city only. b) Only the impact of PLASMA and LCD TV on general CTV market will be studied under the proposed research. c) Brand differentiation of all available TV sets in the market will not be considered. d) Technological aspects will not be covered in the study. e) The study is limited to the customers in the age group of 25 to 35yrs. 8) Plan of Work |SR. No. |Particulars of proposed research work |Duration (Months) | | | | | |1. |Collection of Primary Data. |4 | |2 |Collection of Secondary Data. |4 | |3 |Typing the Manuscript. |2 | |4 |Proof Reading. |2 | |5 |Development of Analysis Plan. |4 | |6 |Data Interpretation. 1 | |7 |Drawing Conclusion. |2 | |8 |Drawing Suggestions. |1 | |9 |Miscellaneous work. |4 | | | | | | |Total |24 | (9) Chapter Scheme Chapter 1: Introduction: History and development of audiovisual medium: This chapter deals with the historical development in the audiovisual medium and evolution in the field of TV industry. Chapter 2: Indian television industry This chapter covers the actual progress in the modern age in the field of television in India. Chapter 3: New developments in CTV industry: An introduction of PLASMA and LCD television in the TV market: In this chapter, specifically the advancements in TV industry in terms of PLASMA and LCD television and their pros and cons will be explain in detailed. Chapter 4: Exact nature of the study: Here, the emphasis will be given on the latest developments in the field of TV Industry (including PLASMA and LCD TV. Chapter 5: Objectives of the study: This chapter covers the basic objectives behind conducting the study. Chapter 6: Analysis and interpretation of Data: This chapter deals with analysis of data using suitable statistical tools and the presentation of the same. Chapter 7: Conclusion and recommendations: In this chapter the conclusion will be drawn on the basis of data analysis and the recommendations shall be presented. Bibliography: Appropriat e bibliography will be given at the end of the report for all secondary data in the theses. How to cite A Study of Development and Analysis of Plasma and Lcd Tv Industry, Papers

Arguments Regarding Appropriate Technique †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Arguments Regarding Appropriate Technique? Answer: Introduction: Transition materials like titanium are advanced metal having unique mechanical properties. However, there is lot of arguments regarding the appropriate technique that can be applied to manufacture the metal due to the high melting point and high strength of the materials. Although many alternative technique are available for the fabrication of intermetallic structure of titanium, however their use is often limited by high cost and lack of its application at the industry level (Leuders et al. 2013). As fabrication of metal is also being done by the use of selective laser melting, this literature review aims to find the role of selective laser melting technique on the microstructure and properties of the metal. This technique has been mainly chosen for evaluation because it is several advantages of the technique such as lesser steps in production and high efficiency of the material used. The outcome of the review can give clear idea about the strength and limitation of the technique an d the scope of its application in the manufacturing of titanium materials. Literature review: Microstructure and properties of Ti-SiC mixture fabricated by selective laser melting Transition metals like silicides and carbides have advanced properties such as low density, stiffness and environmental resistance. However, one challenge in manufacturing intermetallics is their high melting point (Tsai and Yeh 2014). Many well-developed methods are available for the fabrication of metallic parts and the research by (Krakhmalev and Yadroitsev 2014) proposed manufacturing titanium substrate by means of selective laser melting. The researcher tried fabricating the titanium substrate with titanium and silicon carbides by selective melting of the Ti-SiC powder mixture. This was done by Ytterbiums fibre laser and the structure and mechanical properties of metal was examined. The main purpose of adapting the selective laser technique was to find the correlation between microstructure and composition of the precursor powder. Mechanical properties were assessed by the parameters of hardness, indentation fracture toughness and abrasive wear resistance. The researchers also g ave a promising approach to achieve structural homogeneity of the material. The examination of the top surface and longitudinal structure of metals by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed crack networks on the surface and dark stripes were also found in areas enriched with Si and C. Gradient zone was also formed in all coating due to partial melting of the substrate. Hence, the overall conclusion from the study results was that composite structure was successfully formed by selective melting however the irregularities that was observed includes agglomerates of SiC at interlayer and unequal distribution of elements in the track. The study adequately presented the reasons for this anomaly. The agglomeration occurred due to change in phase whereas the heterogeneous distribution was seen due to the penetration of laser radiation on powder base. In the area mechanical properties, hardness of the metal was influenced by coatings containing high amount of SiC (Krakhmalev and Yadroitsev, 2014). The strength of the study is that the research provided innovative technique to produce metals with high melting points. Secondly, the researcher also provided appropriate approaches to improve any anomaly in the process and enhance the homogeneity of the coating. Microstructural evolution of titanium during selective laser melting Another research study highlights the advantage of selective laser melting (SLM) on the development of the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V. Selective laser melting has emerged as an effective additive manufacturing technique as it facilitates development of complex parts by means of selectively melting successive layers of powder (Read et al. 2015). Thijs et al. (2010) focused on the development of the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V and determining the impact of scanning strategy on the microstructure of metals. The main advantage of the SLM process in this research is that the technique promotes development of complex geometrical features, which is not possible through conventional methods. Compared to the research by Krakhmalev and Yadroitsev, (2014) which showed the limitation of SLM due to building up of thermal stress and metal segregation, Thijs et al. (2010) study moved further to deal with the problem by analyzing the impact of different process parameters on the SLM process. The finding of research showed that top view of the structure revealed the scanning strategy. Based on the movement of the laser beam, different patterns and orientation were seen. Secondly, energy density also had an impact on the results and the variation in the scanning velocity resulted in different band patterns. The research also gave proper explanation of the impact of scanning strategy on the microstructure. The main strength of this journal article is that the researcher adequately explained the reason for martenistic structure of Ti-6Al-4V. High correlation was also found between the orientation of the grains and scanning velocity and scanning strategy. The scanning strategy can ac t as a promising tool in managing the grain orientation in metals maintaining the microstructural orientation. The study is also consistent with the study by Leuders et al., (2013) which showed development of fatigue resistance and crack growth performance following the development of TiAl6V4 by SLM technique. Impact of the heat treatment of Ti6AlV4 on the microstructure and mechanical properties There is an argument that optimization of mechanical treatment via heat treatment gives contrasting results when the metal is produced by selective laser melting (SLM) compared to conventional method. With this insight, Vrancken et al. 2012) investigated about the effect of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V. The focus was also on evaluating the effect of time, temperature and cooling rate on the microstructure of titanium. The researcher used Ti6Al4V powder as a base material for the SLM process and the examination of the microstructure after heat treatment revealed columnar grains in the building direction. Secondly, the impact of temperature on the microstructure was that the martensitic structure changed into the combination of and . The columnar grain was visible at the sides of the metal. In addition, the residence time at high temperature was found to affect grain growth. However, one significant outcome was that heating rate was not regarde d to have major effect during the heat treatment. The performance of the microstructure on the basis of different cooling rates revealed low cooling rates promoted growth of grains. Different types of heat treatment was also found to change the mechanical properties of the metal. The results of the research also pointed out to limitation of heat treatment on reducing the yield stress. Therefore, desired results were not obtained from heat treatment. However, the study was useful in pointing out the improvement in fracture strain of the material after heat temperature. The effect of heat temperature on yield stress was also presented graphically which gave better clarity to the research. The key implication of this research study is that since heat treatment has not given expected results, there is a need for further research to determine other combined treatment that would optimize the tensile properties of titanium. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of Ti-6Al-4 V by rapid layer manufacturing The research by Murr et al., (2009) is significant as it focused on manufacturing Ti-6Al-4 V for biomedical application. As there is rise in knee joint replacement surgery, there is a need to improve the quality of bone plates and joint replacement. This is because most of the components do work well for patients who have abnormal autonomy. Another challenge in the fabrication of the implant components is that sometimes manufacturing complex shapes becomes difficult (Zalnezhad et al. 2014). Murr et al., (2009) compared the microstructure and mechanical behavior of simple geometric products by selective laser melting and electronic beam melting compared to wrought and cast products. The review gave the idea about thermo-mechanical processing, microstructure and mechanical property of wrought and cast Ti-6Al-4V and compared it with electron beam melting and selective laser melting. For biomedical application, the main intention is to produce cast parts with crack propagation and creep resistance properties. Secondly, porosity is eliminated by means of heat treatment. Wrought products particularly have the advantage of tailoring it to desired mechanical properties. In addition, the comparison parts revealed that powder metallurgy is beneficial for manufacturing medical devices. The advantage of layer manufacturing was supported by the ability of SLM to fabricate complex scaffold products. Despite this information, there is need for future research in the area of process parameters needed to produce specific microstructures. The study also pointed out that cost difference can be maintained by recycling waste powder. Mechanical properties in Titanium metallic composite after SLM: As the SLM process provides flexible approach to manufacturing metals, there is great scope of exploring their role in creation of alloys and metal-metal composites. Vrancken (2014) took Ti-6Al-4V with 10% MO powder to examine its unique microstructure following its creation by the SLM technique. Past studies have also focused on combining different powders to create desired products and hardness. In case of the combination of the Ti-6Al-4V with MO powder, columnar grains were found after the SLM. However, no such grains was found if 10% MO was added to it. The MO particle was distributed homogenously in the matrix. The mechanical properties were in also explained in Ti-6Al-4V+10 MO through the stress/curve. The study is considered important because MO phase was found to be successful in disrupting transformation from phase to martensite which occurred in Ti-6Al-4V alone. Therefore, the choice of combining Mo was found useful in this research due to its property to stabilize the p hase and high melting temperature. This further promoted the retention of the melted Mo particle in the titanium matrix. The content of the alloy can be modified too to achieve the desired microstructure and physical properties. The key strength of this literature is that the capability of SLM in processing powder mixtures was demonstrated. The study proved the potential of SLM on adding alloy elements and reducing stress issues. The above research focused on the performance of Ti-Mo alloy and the Chlebus et al. (2011) conducted a research to examine the mechanical properties and microstructure of Ti-AL-Nb alloy. The rational for studying the Ti-AL-Nb alloy is that it is often used as implant materials and has been found to have beneficial mechanical properties such as biotolerance and corrosion resistance. Three versions of the alloy were produced and its mechanical characteristics were tested by the parameters of tensile strength, compression testing and hardness. The characterization was done through optical and scanning electron microscopy and the X-ray diffraction alloy. After the manufacturing of the alloy, the examination of its microstructure revealed the structure is dependent on quenching at phase and tempering at high temperature. The thermal history also determined the structural changes occurring in layered alloy. Different orientation in solidification observed and the columnar grains pattern w as determined by laser movement. On the parameter of hardness too, it was found that hardness property was proportional to the specimen area. In the area of tensile properties too, specimen building strategies determined the distribution of residual stress and tensile strength. The scanning strategy was found to influence above parameters, however no changes were seen in the compression strengths due to scanning strategies. On the examination of fracture surface of the alloy, many quasi cleavage fracture surfaces were detected. Distinction between the smooth and flat structure and the rough structure was adequately presented. On the whole, the alloy was found to be susceptible to fatigue cracks. The study proposed strategies to reduce the property of the material by means of thermal treatment process. Hence, more extensive research will be required on the role of thermal treatment in reducing porosity. Conclusion The literature review focused on evaluating the microstructure and mechanical properties of titanium by means of SLM. The review of studies revealed limitation in approach and how the limitation was address by means of adjusting different process parameters. The improvement in structure was also proposed by combination with other metals. Secondly, heat treatment was found to be an effective approach to improving the microstructure and increasing the resistance of the titanium material. As the titanium material is increasingly used in knee implants, there is a need to further study the effect of heat treatment on microstructure of the metal. Reference Chlebus, E., Ku?nicka, B., Kurzynowski, T. and Dyba?a, B., 2011. Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti?6Al?7Nb alloy produced by selective laser melting.Materials Characterization,62(5), pp.488-495. Krakhmalev, P. and Yadroitsev, I., 2014. Microstructure and properties of intermetallic composite coatings fabricated by selective laser melting of TiSiC powder mixtures.Intermetallics,46, pp.147-155. 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