Change and Culture Case Study I Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Change and Culture I - Case Study Example Consequently it very well may be securely said that for the administration of a recently solidified firm, the absolute most significant issue that requires the most extreme consideration is the advancement of a procedure that guarantees that the representatives of the organizations can easily travel between the pre and the post merger periods. This article talks about the effects that a merger has had on the representatives of a medicinal services association and the vital dynamic on part of the administration of the association which permitted the separate workforces to build up an arrangement of trust and regard for one another. The article likewise examines the manner in which mergers can impact the business procedures and structures of firms and how the board can manage these issues in a manner which guarantees that the authoritative qualities and culture is kept flawless. As per Camara& Renjen (2004), concentrates by specialists and experts has affirmed that mergers are as prone to decimate as to make investor esteem. A significant reason for this is mergers unite two organizations which had recently been working as per various arrangements, had totally extraordinary business techniques and had one of a kind societies. Because of this, the distinctions that emerge between the representatives, just as the changed standards and methodology apparently make an environment of vulnerability which is most regularly seen by the workers as an immediate danger. The association in whose setting we will talk about this issue further is a clinical focus which has been dynamic in the social insurance part for as far back as 25 years. Having gained notoriety for offering great types of assistance , it is one of the main clinics in the nation and as indicated by the reports, a sum of 22,080 inpatients and 230,000 outpatients were served in the last monetary year. Before the said merger occurred, the emergency clinic, albeit very much respected, was taking a shot at a moderately littler scope and housed 400 beds among which 58 were

Service Innovation in Hospitality Industry free essay sample

By moving concentration from „Goods-Dominant Logic? to „Service-Dominant Logic? , Service Science presents another point of view on esteem creation and administration experience. In this new point of view, esteem is co-made by different jobs, experienced and assessed by clients. Notwithstanding, the issue is the way to actualize hypotheses in a particular industry. Concentrating on inn industry, this paper expects to represent how administration advances with the improvement of innovation and hypothesis dependent on the contextual investigation of InfoQuest, which is an IT organization for the most part giving SaberKnot. InfoQuest reclassifies a few financial jobs (lodgings, IT framework supplier, nearby organizations and clients) and connections among them (from a direct model to a netlike model) where it infuses Hotel Industry with new essentialness. Both upper hands and potential issues that may emerge from the administration development are along these lines talked about. Finally, a further investigation is made on the China showcase so as to show the chance of that business going into China. We will compose a custom paper test on Administration Innovation in Hospitality Industry or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I Acknowledgments are given to all the individuals who bolstered me with the exposition. To begin with, I am profoundly obliged to my managers Mr. Lars Haglund and Mr. Erik Sundstro for their m, invigorating recommendations and supportive collaboration in the hour of composing this exposition. I should likewise offer my thanks to InfoQuest where I worked during the hour of composing this theory. Extraordinary thanks ought to be made to Mr. Ronald U. Telson, Mr. Christer Hellholm, Ms. Lena Bryske, and different partners who gave a ton of helpful data and important thoughts and recommendations. Above all, none of this would have been conceivable without the affection and persistence of my family and my companions. For huge numbers of voyagers in their excursion, visit or work excursion, lodgings are places they stay when out of home. As a develop industry, inns industry currently incorporates a wide range of housing from lavish 5-star lodgings to youth inns. Other than room administrations, most inns additionally offer an assortment of accessorial administrations, including yet not restricted to food, refreshment, clothing and valet administrations. Moreover, the significant level lodgings can offer meeting rooms, pools, magnificence salons, wellness focuses and numerous different offices to both business and relaxation voyagers. Data innovation (IT) is characterized by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) as the investigation, structure, improvement, usage, backing or the executives of PC based data frameworks, especially programming applications and PC equipment. Contrasted with lodging industry, Information innovation came out rather as of late, however has formed into probably the greatest business with impacts to most different enterprises. In inn industry, the likelihood to flexibly qualified IT administrations is viewed as one of the essentials for, at any rate, top level inns. Administration Science is a developing control that centers around principal science, models, speculations and applications to drive advancement, rivalry, and personal satisfaction through service(s) (Bitner, Brown, Goul and Urban, 2006). Through moving from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic, Service Science centers around â€Å"operant resources† as opposed to - 1-â€Å"operand resources†, which suggests all economies are administration economies. It keeps up that administrations (counting products and ventures) co-made by partners and clients must be experienced and assessed by clients. . 2 Objectives and structure InfoQuest Group AB (InfoQuest) is an organization has practical experience in the IT portion with the reason to bring its clients and accomplices imaginative arrangements. With the assistance of Information Technology, the organization brings a help advancement into lodging industry, which is the gravity of the exploration. The administration d evelopment reclassifies a few financial jobs (inns, IT framework supplier, neighborhood organizations and clients) and connections among them (from a direct model to a netlike model). This proposition expects to look at (1) the upper hands and potential issues that may be brought by this administration advancement and (2) the likelihood to transplant such the new plan of action made by InfoQuest in Europe to China showcase, considering administration hypothesis. The structure of the thesis can be depicted as follow: ? Administration writing audit ? which initially gives a rundown of Service Science and administration advancement and afterward contrasts Goods-Dominant Logic and Service-Dominant Logic; ? Company depiction which presents InfoQuest and its primary item SaberKnot, specifically its specialized standards and business standards; ? Administration advancement in inn industry ? Jobs redefinition; ? Worth co-creation; ? Upper hands; ? Potential issues; ? Market opportunity investigation in China ? China showcase presentation; ? Ordinary nearby organizations; ? Openings; - 2-? Troubles and dangers; ? End. 1. 3 Methodology This postulation centers around resear ch of administration development in lodging industry. So as to complete an inside and out examination, this proposition receives contextual analysis as the exploration structure. An organization named InfoQuest and its lead item SaberKnot demonstrate us a potential method to advance help in inn industry, which is the situation of this proposal. I pick InfoQuest as the case is on the grounds that its new netlike plan of action includes both the moving from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic and administration development in lodging industry, which can affirm and enhance existed hypothesis. ? Information assortment The exploration techniques utilized in this proposal fundamentally incorporate archives audit, auxiliary examination, member perception, official measurements, and so on. Bryman and Bell (2007) called attention to the significance of writing audit, most evident explanation of which is to realize what is as of now known in the examination territory. From scholarly writing audit, we can see points of interest in the moving from Goods-Dominant Logic to Service-Dominant Logic and hypotheses of administration advancement. There are a considerable amount investigates identified with administration hypothesis and administration advancement, so my examination begins from a writing audit to develop a hypothetical premise, which covers the fields of administration definition, Service-Dominant Logic, Goods-Dominant Logic, administration advancement, and so on. Writing assets incorporate scholarly papers, books, and website pages, which give me existing examination accomplishments in this field. Be that as it may, the majority of these written works don't concentrate on administration advancement in a particular industry, and no essential information can be obtained from writing audit. As indicated by Bryman and Bell (2007), â€Å"the fundamental contextual investigation involves the point by point and serious examination of single case. † From their conclusion, a case can be an association, an area, an individual, or an occasion, and so forth. They likewise referenced that subjective techniques, for example, member perception and unstructured meeting, are useful strategies on the off chance that review. The data of InfoQuest and SaberKnot is gathered from a few channels, including inner archives, member perception, correspondence with partners, and so on. Also, the crude - 3-materials utilized in China advertise investigation are principally gathered from authentic measurements. Most tables are cited from site of National Tourism Administration of The People? s China, and site of National Bureau of Statistics of China. Different measurements and arrangements are alluded to sites of neighborhood governments or associations. Some data from organizations? ebsites is likewise used to make contender examination. As indicated by Vargo and Lusch (2007), â€Å"the esteem arrange part that is the prime integrator is in a more grounded serious position†. For our situation, no prime â€Å"integrator† exists, however it needs a prime or center player who drives individuals in the system to go ahead. The predominant position makes center player to possess more impact in the system, which is the motivation behind why members fight for it. It's anything but a major issue if everything works out in a good way in the system, yet the danger is the means by which to manage the deficiencies, assuming any, rising in this approximately composed framework, which will get urgent. For instance, if a shop in the system being griped by clients a few times, who should assume the liability to conclude whether to keep the shop any more drawn out for its own-cure or to show it out right away? What's more, different issues following the administration advancement incorporate how much force the prime player should have, how to administer the utilization of intensity, and so forth. Among the four kinds of members, clients are not appropriate to go about as prime player as far as driving force, in spite of the fact that being

8 Common Signs of Verbal Abuse (and How to Stay Healthy and Sane)

8 Common Signs of Verbal Abuse (and How to Stay Healthy and Sane) There are different forms of abuse that you may experience. Some are easily evident like in the case of physical abuse while others are not.One of the hardest to recognize is verbal abuse. You may suffer for a long time before realizing that something is wrong. Due to this, you may end up staying in an abusive environment despite the dangers involved.It is important to realize that abuse can happen to both genders. Although it is more common for women to be victims, men also suffer abuse.Verbal abuse is like a calculated evil. Although physical abuse may harm your body, verbal abuse goes after your mind. Ultimately, if not stopped, it may cause anxiety.In targeting your mind, verbal abuse erodes your self-image. This makes you lose faith in your own natural abilities and sense of self-worth. As a result, your self-esteem and self-confidence get damaged.Without self-worth, you easily believe what the abuser says about you. This makes you more vulnerable as he now controls your thought s and consequently, your life.The overall goal of every abuser is to have control. Generally, people who are obsessed with controlling others have insecurities which they seek to cover up.The reasoning behind their actions? As long as they are in control of the situation, everything would be just fine.WORDS AND PHRASES ASSOCIATED WITH VERBAL ABUSESince verbal abuse involves the use of words, it will be good to look at some of the words used by abusers.“You’re behaving like a child.” This is one of the most common. It can also come in the form of “You’re so childish,” or “You’re so immature,” or anything similar. The intention is to stop you from expressing your opinion. This way, you won’t have any influence over the decision about to be made.“That’s a stupid idea.” A common way of putting you down is by simply disapproving your opinions. Whenever your opinions don’t count, you have little input in whatever happens. This gives the abuser the upper hand. It also enables him make the decisions which are right for him.“I never said that.” When an abuser says something and you later confront him, he is very likely to deny it. This is a very natural response for him and you may even wonder why he never admits any wrong. What is happening is that he is playing mind games with you. He is seeking to confuse you. If successful, he will later propose to you that you do not have a stable mind.“I was just joking.” This comes when you show that what he said hurt you. This will most likely come if you confront him immediately he says something hurtful. Since he cannot deny this because it is fresh in the memory, he will quickly turn it around and claim it was just a joke. Another way he may respond to you is by claiming that you don’t have a sense of humor.“You’re too sensitive.” If you make it known often enough that your abuser’s words or actions are hurting you, this is the response you may get. He is indirectly acknowle dging hurting you but doesn’t commit to changing his behavior. He is not even remorseful.At this point, he is becoming impatient with you as he notices that you are picking on his wrong habits too much. In a desperate effort to silence you, he tells you that you are too sensitive. In other words, he is telling you that you are worrying too much over nothing.Remember that throughout this time, you are slowly losing your sense of self-worth. Because of that, you are trying to earn it by pleasing him. For you to do so, your abuser is telling you that you should reduce your sensitivity and stop pointing out his wrongs.Verbal abuse is always growing and the ultimate goal is complete control. Since it is not physically forceful, it works through manipulation. It often hides under the guise of correcting you so as to make you better.It is necessary to note that victims of verbal abuse are usually those whose self-esteem and self-confidence are low. As such, they tend to look for approval from others.So, if you want to understand how you became a victim of verbal abuse, check on your confidence levels.Whenever you’re seeking approval, you have to abide by the rules set by the one to approve of you. Since the abuser knows you’re willing to make changes, he pushes you until he has complete control over you.COMMON SIGNS OF VERBAL ABUSEThere are some common signs you can look out for. Below are eight which you can use to recognize an abuser. This will help you avoid becoming a victim if you’re not one.If you’re not sure whether what you are experiencing is abuse, then these will help you confirm. If you are being verbally abused, you will identify with all or most of the below signs. We will later look at how to stay safe if experiencing abuse.Yelling and name callingAbusers will frequently yell at you when they get upset. They will blow things out of proportion to justify the yelling. If they don’t have a solid reason, they will justify it by claiming that yo u did something stupid.Anytime yelling is used on you, you will naturally be silenced. This is what the abuser wants to see happen. When he adds his justification, you see the reason for the yelling and you are likely to accept it.Abusers will also call you names as a means of reinforcing what they are saying about you. They may for example call you stupid, unworthy, good-for-nothing, slow, lazy etc. In some cases, they may also attack you on the basis of your body or character. For example, an abuser may call you fat or skinny, in order to draw attention to your physical looks. The whole idea is to make you feel not attractive enough.Whenever there is an opportunity, they will tell you that your body is not as it should be. If it happens that you have previously tried to have a “better-looking body,” such comments will quickly destroy your self-esteem.With your self-esteem gradually getting destroyed, you will become more unsure about what should be done and the abuser will pic k on these. The situation will therefore only get worse.Blaming and playing victimAbusers are very good at blame-shifting. It’s as though they’ve been gifted in it.Whenever you raise an issue that shows they did something wrong, they will quickly shift the blame to you. They will show how their actions were necessitated by your own actions or words.He does this to ensure he remains on top of things, otherwise he would not be in control.Blaming you for his actions also helps the abuser look perfect. He strives to be seen as always being right. If he is right, then he can justify whatever actions he takes.To go with this habit of blaming, an abuser will never show abusive tendencies to outsiders. He will always be known as someone who is good. Because he has many allies, it becomes difficult to win any argument you may raise against him.Depending on the kind of conflict you may be having, he may even play victim so as to further show his innocence. Lies are also common during blam ing and playing victim.Shaming and criticizingVerbal abuse always includes shaming and criticizing you. This is because your abuser does not really care much about you as he does about himself. If you have been keen, you may have noticed high levels of selfishness.At the same time, shaming is used by the abuser to silence you and take you further down.If the abuser is a narcissist or sociopath, then this can be worse. Such people can even enjoy hurting you.To make things worse, the shaming and criticizing can also happen in public. Since you cannot normally expect the abuser to do this, he will do it and watch you struggle to counter him.As someone who is looking to have control over you and your life, it is a joy for him to see you experience pain. He knows that once you experience pain, you will want to avoid it next time. And the only way to avoid it is by agreeing with him on everything.He will make harsh criticisms to further get you to recognize his perceived abilities. He wil l be looking for ways of using these abilities so that he controls everything.For example, he may want to control your finances. To achieve this, he will criticize your spending habits and even insult you in the process. He will tell you that your priorities are wrong and you do not know how to budget.Soon enough, you will not be sure of what to buy and what not to. Not because you don’t know what is best, but because you don’t want the abuser to become angry. You may as well start asking him for permission to buy what you need.When you are criticized enough times, the psychological effects will start becoming evident. One clear effect is that you will become very fearful. With fear taking root, you become easy to control.Use of abusive jokesAbusers are usually insensitive towards their victims and demean them any time they have the opportunity. Although this happens throughout the duration of the relationship, the intensity increases when they think you are attempting to break free from their grip.From his bag of tricks, he will use a tactic which will easily cover his abuse with what he knows can be taken as normal. One of the ways he does that is through telling hurtful jokes.He will say something that hurts you but act as though it was nothing. If you showed him that his words hurt you, he would quickly respond by claiming it was a joke.Of course you know it wasn’t, at least going by the pattern of insensitivity you have experienced from him. This is just a way of him covering a wrong without acknowledging it. It is also at this point that he might make a remark about your lack of a sense of humor.These jokes are designed to make you feel less valuable. Although you may assume they don’t have a big impact, they really do. Whatever is said gets registered in your mind and you start processing it.Your mind works on the information trying to compare it with known facts to find out whether there is any truth in it. As this goes on unchecked, your mind slowly starts seeing the possibility of truth in what has been said. Even pure lies, repeated often enough, get believed to be truth.The abuser’s comment on your apparent lack of a sense of humor also has another effect.Since “normal” people have a sense of humor, the abuser is actually implying that you are not normal. This is part of the psychological abuse intended to weigh you down for him to gain control over you.Dismissing or trivializing your feelingsIf any time you voice your feelings they get dismissed or trivialized, then you can be sure that you’re dealing with an abuser. Someone who is abusing you doesn’t care about your feelings.This happens because the abuser does not want to consider your feelings. He knows if he does, he will be opening a door for you to have influence. According to him, he is the one to have all the influence.When it comes to dismissing your feelings, the abuser will start small then progress gradually. For example, if you tell him that he did something which hurt you, he may respond with “How can you feel hurt by such a small comment?”In some instances, he may not really focus on your feelings but respond with the focus being on his own feelings. For example, in responding to your feeling hurt, he may say “I was just expressing what I feel.” This is in complete disregard of the feelings you have expressed.Doing this is a way of him telling you that he expects you to understand and respechis feelings. However, your own feelings are not much of a consideration because they don’t have much weight.No control and manipulation tactic will be used in isolation. At the same time, your abuser will be progressing from “light” comments to harsh ones. From bad to worse.As a result, by the time he is dismissing your feelings, he has probably shamed and criticized you in public. Together with blaming and name calling, you will very likely be starting to believe that you are raising trivial matters.Use of threats to intimidateThreats are just one of the arrows in the quiver of every abuser. These will especially be used by the abuser when he starts noticing or sensing rebellion from you. When using threats, the abuser will not go for the biggest. He will start by using the fears he knows you have. A common threat is to make public some of the things he knows about your personal life.Abusers are normally good at digging for information. And although they also give you information about themselves, it is usually to get you hooked. Just to cause you to believe that everything is normal.The abuser will be very keen on capturing details of your personal life. They know there will come a time to use it and so they get as much information as possible.When they mention that they will expose what you did, you will first of all be shocked. You may express the shock and maybe even ask them why they would do that. On their side, they may only give a response that implies you are not treating them well.What he will be telling you is that you have wronged him and because he is defenseless, that is what he will use against you. Remember that abusers are good at playing victim. Having fallen for many of his tricks, you probably have been silenced using this one too.The result is that you will unwillingly agree to do what he wants. And just to prove that he is not a bad person, he may show you a kind gesture and tell you something like “You are the one who makes me get angry yet I never want to,” or “If only you can stop doing what you do.”As with all other tactics, manipulation lies behind every word and action that comes from an abuser.Another threat he may use is that of breaking the relationship or ending the marriage. Since your self-esteem is badly wounded and you know that you will be the one to be blamed, you will want to avoid such a situation.Avoiding discussion on how he treats youAs much as he may deny any knowledge of hurting you and blame you for what he does, deep w ithin, the abuser knows that he is not treating you well. The problem is that he can never admit it.One way however which he covers for this is by justifying it with your conduct. He is convinced, or convinces himself, that you deserve to be treated that way.This is the mindset of an abuser: He should be treated exceptionally well, then he can decide how well to treat you. He will show you that he is capable of treating you well but will only do it after you treat him as he deserves.Since he knows there is a possibility of being discovered, one way he saves his skin is by avoiding any discussion about how he’s treating you.You may have noticed that having a rational discussion with an abuser is very difficult. Actually impossible. Well, it may help you to know that it’s not because he is not good with communication. Or lacks the capacity to reason.Partly to blame is their use of warped logic to understand and explain things. Underlying this however, and also the bigger reason, i s the abuser’s fear of being exposed.Since the abuser needs to be perfect, he will do all things possible to maintain the necessary facade. Since he knows a discussion about his conduct is a potential danger, he will avoid it.In case he can’t, then he will utilize warped logic so as to confuse you. In fact, if you engaged a third party who is not experienced with abusers, he will also fall for this trick. This will be used together with other tactics to prove that you are the one on the wrong.You doubt your judgmentThis is one of the worst things that can happen and comes in at the intermediate or advanced level of abuse.All the words the abuser speaks to you are intended to show you how they are the right person to offer you guidance and direction in life. They will show you how beneficial they will be to you. This however naturally happens in insidious ways because the real intentions are not for good.Starting with the name calling, shaming and blaming, the process flows towar ds proving to you that you need their help. And this is the help they are giving you yet you are not cooperating with them.It is not uncommon for the abuser to tell you that he is doing you a favor by being in a relationship with you. Having “proven” to you severally that you don’t make good decisions, you now get to doubt your own abilities to make the right choices.This can be as bad as making you doubt your own reality. Since they never admit any wrong, they may have denied saying something you know they said. But the gradual assault can make you start believing that they never said it. This is what is referred to as gaslighting.This happens because their manipulative ways have worked on your mind and emotions and now you’ve been left confused. You may start thinking that you’re crazy. And considering that the abuser knows exactly what is going on, he may even tell you that indeed you are.Your mind will not be able to even remember things very well. This is because it h as been consistently attacked and doubts have been cast upon it’s ability to function well.This literally renders you completely unproductive and if you’re working or running a business, this is the time you will likely lose the job or close down the business.STAYING HEALTHY AND SANELike any other form of abuse, verbal abuse can have very negative effects on you as a victim. Primarily, you will be affected in three main ways:1. Psychologically â€" this is the main target of the abuse. Your sense of worth as a person is what enables you to live confidently. You know that you are valuable, not necessarily because of any material wealth but who you are as a person.When the psychological attack starts, your own identity is targeted for destruction. With an identity crisis, you seek to have approval from the abuser. But since he does not have your interests at heart, he instead sends you down a path of destruction.Although everyone desires a good life, an abuser’s definition of a g ood life is whereby he is in control of everything. Since controlling you eventually destroys you, he will never have much to gain from you. This means he will never get satisfaction from being with you.2. Emotionally â€" emotions are a normal part of all humans. In a relationship setup, emotions need to be handled well so that both parties feel valued.When dealing with an abuser however, your emotions get trampled upon. They are never valued and when you express them, you get disapproving responses. According to the abuser, you should simply have no emotions or feelings which contradict what he feels.When you don’t express your emotions, they pile inside you and become a ticking time bomb. Since a relationship with an abuser ends up separating you from people, you will have no way of relieving the emotional pressure.3. Bodily â€" effects on your body will mainly come as a result of stress. Your health will suffer and diseases will become more common. Unfortunately, you might expe rience neglect at the hand of an abuser at this point as they accuse you of not taking care of yourself.With a decline in health, you may soon become unattractive and experience more negative treatment from him.So, what can you do to stay healthy and safe? If you are a victim of verbal abuse, follow the below steps and you will have a better life.Remember that your life is worth more than anything else.And when you are attached to someone who does not value you as you are, then you should consider what it could lead to.Below are the steps you can take to maintain your health and sanity.Let the abuser know you’re hurtingThis is very important, especially because abusers seek to silence you. An abuser will want to control you without you opposing his moves. He wants to turn you into a puppet.When you start speaking up, the abuser will try to silence you through various means. It is common for an abuser to deny you the opportunity to raise your concerns. He will do this by interjecti ng when you are speaking to him about his behavior.Despite this, you need to speak. As the below video shows, bottling up your emotions is not advisable. He may also use blame-shifting so as to avoid taking any responsibility. If not that, he can also attempt yelling and name calling so as to stop you from talking. The sole intention is to silence you. As long as he is the one talking, he has control and so he’ll find a way of talking while you do the listening.When talking to an abuser, ensure you stay on point and be direct. Have very clear examples of wrong behavior and tell him that his actions or words are unacceptable. Also, do not use accusing words like “You always” Instead, say “Whenever you do this, I feel”This shows him that you are not accusing him of wrong doing and therefore avoids extreme arguments.Be firm with your words but remember to speak respectfully to avoid giving him grounds for counter-accusations.This will usually be helpful at the early stages of the relationship before things have gone very far. Before any long-term commitments, there should be free discussions on anything that affects either party.If already committed, maybe in a marriage and with kids, speaking up is still an option. More than that, it is the first step that you should take in addressing the issue.If you are unable to resolve issues after several attempts, then you can proceed to the next step.Seek counselingSeeking external help is an important part of solving conflicts if the involved parties are unable to do it themselves. Counseling also helps you with recovery from abuse. As an outsider, the counselor will be able to have an objective view of the whole situation and help in pointing out issues.He may also assist in implementing solutions.All the same, when it comes to seeking counseling services as an abuse victim, be wary of some tricks the abuser may try to play. Remember that he does not take responsibility and seeks to be seen as the one who is right.To achieve that, the abuser may try to influence the counselor to see. Though counselors are professionals, the abuser may prefer talking with one who knows him to be a good person. This is just an attempt to influence the counseling outcome.If the counselor however takes an independent approach and is honest, he will be able to detect the wrongs in the relationship and assist accordingly. The amount of experience the counselor has with abuse cases should also play a role in determining his suitability.The best thing to do is ensure that you see an experienced counselor who is unknown to both of you. The counseling session should also be attended by both of you at the same time.This will ensure that you are both on the same page. Another trick abusers employ when appealing to the public is rushing to give information before you get the opportunity to speak. They do this so as to influence those who will be listening and prevent them from believing you.Since you may have suffer ed much emotional and psychological effects due to the verbal abuse, you may also not be able to really prove his wrongdoing. Only experienced counselors may be able to know the signs to look out for.Surround yourself with a support systemOne of the effects of persistent abuse is separation from friends. This happens naturally though for the abuser, it is just part of the plan. Being in a relationship with an abusive partner makes you unable to go out with friends or even socialize.He may have used any method to keep you from friends. Maybe just saying that he doesn’t like your friends for several reasons. Maybe accusing you of cheating. All this is designed to keep you indoors and cut you off from the public.You need to get in touch with some of your trusted friends. Talk to them about your situation and ask them for help. You can plan a visit to their place and just have them encourage you to become stronger.While seeking to re-connect with your friends, keep in mind that the ab user will fight those attempts. You need to prepare for any drama he may cause as he tries to stop you from visiting or talking to anyone.Depending on your exact situation, you will have to exercise some wisdom to get this done relatively smoothly. Since he may deny you the opportunity to visit, you may need to keep it from him at first.This is to prevent him from using tricks like becoming sick the day before your visit, something that could force you to stay.WHAT IF THINGS GET WORSE?It is not rare for a verbally abusive relationship to degenerate into a physically abusive one. Actually, verbal abuse is usually a sign of potential physical danger that may occur later.It is important to consider your stand and beliefs as far as relationships are concerned. But at the end of the day, your safety matters most. You should always prioritize your life over everything else, including property.Any kind of abuse is unacceptable and you deserve to be treated well. Your life is invaluable. If someone does not recognize that and instead works on devaluing and controlling you, then you are better off leaving the relationship.As hard a decision as that may be, you need to look at the long term-effects of staying in the relationship. Look at the time you have been together and reflect on the damage you have suffered. Then think of what could happen if you continued staying.If you have children, you will also have to put that into consideration. You definitely understand the threat they face in the hands and presence of the abuser. Leaving can therefore be the best option for the sake of you and your kids.Here is a list of agencies you can contact for help.CONCLUSIONVerbal abuse is dangerous. Just because it is not physically evident does not mean it should be tolerated. If anything, its effects might prove to be worse than those of some form of physical abuse.Get the help that you need and live a free and productive life.

Disaster The Causes And Effects Of Natural Disasters

What are natural disasters? Natural disasters are defined as any disastrous event caused by nature or the natural movements of the earth, itself. How severe a disaster is is determined by how bad a loss the economy has suffered, how many lives were lost, and whether or not it will be possible to rebuild the city/town and population effected. If one of these natural disasters were to happen in an area of the world that is not populated, for example, a wildfire on some island that nobody has ever lived on, it would not be labeled a disaster, but if it happened in area where people live it is considered a natural disaster. Every natural disaster causes damage in some kind of way whether it be extremely devastating or not. â€Å"Natural disasters†¦show more content†¦The Donovan family are friends of mine, and were living in Tennessee when that fire swept through and destroyed many homes. Their home was one of the ones destroyed, and they lost everything, clothes, pictures, boo ks, and every memory shared in that house. For a while they lived in a hotel, but they are now slowly beginning to recover. As life goes on, the natural disasters that we face are only becoming worse and more frequent, and many Christians, including myself, believe that this is because the end is near, and God is getting ready to return and take His children home. â€Å"If it seems like disasters are getting more common, its because they are†¦Floods and storms have led to most of the excess damage. The number of flood and storm disasters has gone up 7.4% every year in recent decades, according to the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. (Between 2000 and 2007, the growth was even faster, with an average annual rate of increase of 8.4%.) Of the total 197 million people affected by disasters in 2007, 164 million were affected by floods,† (Ripley n.p.) . When natural disasters, hurricanes, floods, tornadoes, hit heavier populated areas more lives are lost a nd the human population decreases. There are many places, however, that are well prepared for the impact of these events because ofShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Natural Disasters2005 Words   |  9 PagesThe unexpected is something that can not be prevented. Natural disasters destroy everything in their way. With the help of technology and how fast it is growing, communities know a natural disaster is happening within hours or days of its starting. The people that live in that area often know what there is to come before it actually arrives. They often are encouraged to evacuate as soon as possible. But how could someone leave behind all their belongings, memories and cherishable items to be sweptRead MoreHow Natural Disasters Affect the Environment996 Words   |  4 PagesHow Natural Disasters Affect the Environment Authors name Authors institutional affiliation Authors note How Natural Disasters Affect the Environment A natural hazard is a geophysical, atmospheric or hydrological event (e.g., earthquake, landslide, tsunami, windstorm, flood or drought) that has the potential to cause harm or loss, while a natural disaster is the occurrence of an extreme hazardous event that impacts on communities causing damage, disruption and casualties, and leaving theRead MoreMonitoring Our Home Planet1407 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper is being submitted in details the effect that natural disaster has on the planet Earth. Analyzing the impact of potential natural disasters on: geography, resources, politics, economics, and disaster preparedness and how to monitor the future natural disasters. Monitoring Our Home Planet Natural Disaster has a major impact on the inhabitants that live on the planet Earth. A natural disaster is a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; examples includeRead MoreNatural Disaster and Horrifying Weather Essay617 Words   |  3 Pagesjust to name a few natural disasters which can strike any country without a warning or it just pops out of thin air. Natural Disasters could cause many different effects to developing countries or developed countries. The Economic status of developing countries is gravely affected by natural disaster as these countries are ravished by debt, poverty in many communities and a collapsing social services system. If any type of natural disaster strikes a developing country the side effects can be severe orRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Super Disasters Of The 21st Century By Sebastian Junger979 Words   |  4 Pagestext structures that are being used in the text or writing piece. Few examples are statistics, ma in ideas and details, cause and effects,etc. In the article of ‘ Super Disasters of the 21st century , by Jacqueline Adams and Ken Kostel and the excerpt of,‘ The Perfect Storm’’, by Sebastian Junger, the author’s use text structures to describe the cause and effect of the disasters, by using the source of the types of text structures. So our question now is, what are some of those text structuresRead MoreEssay on The Effects Which a Natural Disaster can have on a Country1162 Words   |  5 PagesA natural disaster is an event caused by natural destructive factors, which can be further divided into either climatic disasters such as floods and tornados, or geological disasters such as earthquakes, which consequently lead to great physical damage or life loss (Bankoff, 2004, 56). When defining ‘natural’ literally, it may seem that natural disasters are independent from human activities, however, with the process of civilization, man-mad e factors are having an increasingly greater influenceRead MoreWhat is a Disaster?888 Words   |  3 PagesThe word disaster derives its literal meaning from the French word â€Å"Desastre†, a combination of two words ‘des’ meaning bad and ‘aster’ meaning star, thus the term refers to ‘Bad or Evil star . However, it has also been defined as â€Å"any disruption of normal social and economic activity due to natural or other causes that results in widespread or severe damage, injury and/or loss of life or property† . Disasters are also defined as â€Å"a crisis situation causing wide spread damage which far exceed ourRead MoreNatural Disasters : A Natural Disaster1254 Words   |  6 PagesNatural disasters have a colossal effect on the inhabitants that live on Earth. A natural disaster is a major event resulting from natural processes of the Earth; for example: tsunamis, floods, earthquakes, and etc. That impact in an isolated area can causes the inhabitants of this planet to converge and avail provide resources to avail the instauration process. That is just a minute effect that a natural disaster has on the inhabitants of Earth. There are natural disasters that have warning signsRead MoreThe Effects Of Global Warming On Our Planet s Ecosystem1173 Words   |  5 Pagesand warms the Earth. This is what we call the greenhouse effect which is the main reason we have global warming. Despite claims by opponents that humans are not the cause of global warming, evidence linked to climate change, weather patterns, and the destruction of our limited rainforests suggests that mankind causes unendurable harm to our planet’s ecosystem. Opponents believe that weather patterns happen naturally and humans are not the cause. They claim climate change is not directly related to theRead MoreHow Are Natural Disasters Socially Constructed? Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesWith reference to various examples, discuss how ‘natural’ disasters are socially constructed. While natural disasters such as floods, drought and hurricanes are commonly thought to occur due to environmental forces such as weather, climate and tectonic movements; a deeper investigation into the ‘disaster’ displays other contributing forces. Human factors have a large, if not equal, contribution to the occurrance and outcome of such disasters (Pelling, 2001). As Pelling (2001) argues, there is

The Economic Disaster Of Detroit - 1836 Words

Detroit, Michigan once stood as the epitome of industrial American cities. In the mid 1990s Detroit had the highest income per capita and a booming automotive industry. During prohibition in the 1920s Detroit served as a major gateway for the importation of alcohol from Canada, whereby it thrived from this lucrative business. Also, around this same time the automotive industry was growing at a pace where jobs were begging to be filled, and the population of Detroit rose to nearly 2,000,000. There was a point in time where many other major U.S. cities envied Detroit and were jealous of its ever growing economy and infrastructure. At this time it seemed as though nothing would stop the economic growth of the Motor City. Sadly, these are†¦show more content†¦The main causes of this economic collapse are the loss of thousands of manufacturing jobs in the state of Michigan due to globalization, the subtle racism of residents leading to the suburbanization of the Detroit area , and a group of crooked municipal government leaders that stole from the community. Despite these overwhelming obstacles Detroit is on the mend, and many see a bright future for this once great city. It is however, important to note that everybody have a weakness, and the same remains true when referring to a cities infrastructure. The most astounding reason for the quick decline of Detroit was the closure of many automotive factories and the deterioration of the American auto industry. Detroit was a city with everything going for it. Its quick economic growth in the early 20th century had a lot to do with its geographical location. It was located close to the nations major coal and iron distributors and it was easily accessible by water via the Detroit River. Edmund Wilson wrote in a critique of Detroit, â€Å"You can see here, as it is impossible to do in a more varied and complex city, the whole structure of an industrial society.† Wilson elegantly notes that Detroit depends entirely on the automotive industry as its source of sustainability where other cities have a more diversified industrial scene. At the beginning of the 20th century Detroit s auto industry began. Henry Ford opened the Ford Motor company in 1903 and

Looking Back and Forward Free Essays

Comfortable life In my younger years I had some pretty distorted views about the world around me thanks to my parents, mostly my mother, but as I have grown up and am now an adult those views have changed immensely and made me a better person. My name is Justine Fir and I grew up in a decent sized town called Fullerton, California. Let me backtrack a second. We will write a custom essay sample on Looking Back and Forward or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was born in Dallas, Texas, but raised by my adopted parents in Southern California from age 3 months until 18 years old. Fullerton was your standard definition of a town for people who were of the upper middle class to the lower upper class income classifications. This paper is being written with the intent to describe to you how my upbringing at a very early age, my own secretly kept views, and later events in my adolescence has shaped me into who I am today. I am from a neighborhood of folks who are well off financially with decent sized houses and nice cars. My parents, Marinate and Robert Fir, were very well off. He was a Cardiovascular Surgeon, and she Just left a high end nursing Job to raise me and my younger sister Mary. Being the oldest of the two, although not by much, I got spoiled more and learned early on how to get what I wanted by keeping my mouth shut and staying on mom’s good side. My dad was one of the sweetest, most level headed guys one would want to know unless mom was around and then it was like a complete transformation into someone unpleasant within minutes. My mom pretty was on the same level as the Rockefeller. Everything with her, from A-Z, had to be the very top of the line, brand labeled stuff. I pretty much grew up with a golden spoon in my mouth. Now one would think that this was the high life and a dream come true but let me tell you it was not all it was cracked up to be. I found out very early on that my mom’s way of showing love was through the all time American symbol we all cherish and aspect called the Dollar. â€Å"Here is a hundred dollars now get out of my face and I will give you $300 for every A on your report card and $250 for every B as long as you keep up good grades and do not tarnish our reputation, she would say. † Then when I got the A I was told â€Å"What, you couldn’t get an A+? † Don’t get me wrong, I loved my mom, but she was the most hateful, snobbish person that people hated crossing paths with. If their friends or mine were not Caucasian, then they were bad people and she would make snide comments about them. So you can imagine how it sat with ere that my Dad’s partner, and owner of the medical practice, was from Honk Kong and wealthier than we were. Her intolerance did not stop at race alone but branched out to people of different lifestyles or religions like the Gays or Muslims. The comments she would make like â€Å"All gays should be put on an Island and blown up† really made me uncomfortable in general especially since she did not care who heard her or where we were. This upbringing had me in a whirlwind. I was being taught that every person who was not white,catholic, and straight was an outcast but all the while struggling in my mind to fight this knowing that at age 9 1 was only interested romantically in guys. Needless to say this was something that I could not divulge to anyone until I was out of the house. My dad was nothing like this unless my mother was within ear shot. At first glance anyone would think this was a complete nightmare and all around bad situation but I will explain later why this was actually a blessing in disguise and made me who I am today. Erie Frontbencher alludes to the important people in our lives as being a part of our micro-system and I fully agree (Witt Mossier, 2010). I bet you are wondering why I made that last comment about making me who I am today and also curious as to who among the most important people in my life back then was the top one. Surprise, the top one was my mom Marinate. It was through the way she treated people and looked at the world that I said to myself † There is no way, under any circumstances, that I will grow up being that snobby and that judgmental. I was determined to treat others equally and as I would want to be I can help people and make a difference. My dad was an amazing man. It was through watching him that I learned how to tolerate her. The simple answer to that was to ignore her or occasionally nod in agreement even though I was opposed to hat she had Just said or did. He also taught me that money was not everything and that treating people differently based on the size of their pocket books was wrong. I really looked up to him and valued his input more than he probably will ever know. My neighbors truly helped me through this tough time as they were all real people just being who they were naturally, not caring 100% what others thought or my mom. I was able to vent to them and relax my guard to them although still not on the fact that I was gay. Without them in my life I probably would have exploded. So you robbery saw in my outline that I listed the man at the ice rink as being an important influence in my life. I was between the ages of nine and twelve when my mom decided I should take up ice skating. She had always waived hi to this nice guy who drove the machine to clear and clean the ice. One day I decided to wave back. She fiercely started back at me and said † I do not want that AIDS infested fagged coming over here. † This both hurt and shocked me. When she was not around I would talk with him about his life and how he was doing. He confided in me about how he was in fact gay and had AIDS. He also told me how much Marinate dated him for that and could not understand why she did the phony waves and smiles. I looked up to him for having the courage to be himself and to not let the words or actions of others influence him. I was probably 15 when I last visited my grandma, Rose, in San Francisco with a friend of mine. We were there with my dad who was visiting his father in the hospital dying. Rose and I were discussing random things when out of the blue she said â€Å"Love is love and rare to find. † I was completely stunned and speechless at this comment. Not only had she then known he was more then a friend but was okay with t. It was at that moment that I knew once I made the decision to finally come out to my parents that I would never hide who I was meant to be. That people are people just trying to live the best life they can while on this earth. I read an article that goes along with what I have been writing about and it states that the foundation of who we are today is influenced by the people who have input of any kind in our life, I. E. Parents, caregivers, siblings, relatives, teachers, churches, sports teams, clubs, friends, employers, employees, work mates, and so on. How we choose to interpret hose experiences is unique to us (Essence Holistic, 2012). So as I kind of alluded to in the above paragraphs, I am determined one day to be in a position where I can help people from all walks of like and let them know someone cares and is looking out for their best interests. That is why I am choosing to go into the social science major and then further that with a counseling degree. My goal is to hold groups and help people with HIVE/AIDS which is something I have since I was around 10 years old I have been dreaming of my prince charming sweeping me off my feet and growing old together while having many adventures ND building a life together. A lot of people are Jaded on this idea but I think this fairy tale romance can and does exist. It is Just rare to find. Although I too am leery at this happening in this stage of my, I still hold onto that hope. I feel getting a stable career will further pave the way for this happening. In the end I Just want what most of us want and that is a stable place to lay our heads with a companion at our sides to share the good and bad times and Just be comfortable without too many stresses and worries. Looking back, due to my upbringing, I would never have dreamed that I’d be an openly, proud gay man with friends of all ages and from all walks of life whom I value equally. It was because of those times and the struggles once I left home over the last 15 plus years that has landed me here today realizing that a people oriented career is what I desire. I am looking forward to utilizing this knowledge and becoming an even better person driven to help others open their eyes. As mentioned above, I was exposed to many distorted views about society and the world around me due to the way my mother was. This was then of course furthered by my own realization of who I was. Although our support groups may throw off active vibes and may be self centered, it does not have to be a bad thing nor predetermine our own destiny. How to cite Looking Back and Forward, Papers

Managing Conflict in People in Organizations

Abstract Organizations are made up of individuals with different beliefs, values and interests. The interactions among members of the organization often lead to disagreements on acceptable beliefs, norms, values or strategies. Thus, conflicts occur when individuals disagree on acceptable values, interests and beliefs (Gala and Garoupa, 2002, pp. 41-65).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Conflict in People in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conflicts have both positive and negative influences on organizations. Hence, conflict management focuses on minimizing the negative effects of conflict and improving its positive effects. The sources of conflicts include cultural differences, organizational structure and the personality orientations of the employees. It is important to correctly identify the sources of conflicts within an organization in order to enhance conflict management. Cultural conf licts can be reduced by promoting tolerance to cultural differences. Reviewing the organizational structure can help in identifying and resolving conflicts arising within the organization. Finally, counseling and enhancing job characteristics can help in minimizing personal conflicts. Managing Conflict in People in Organizations Introduction Organizational conflict is â€Å"a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interest between people working together†. Conflict comprises different human affective states which include but not limited to anxiety, resistance, antagonistic interaction, as well as, hostility. Conflict develops in an environment where at least two individuals interact. Conflicts can be functional or dysfunctional. Functional conflicts are normally beneficial to the organization. For instance, it can enable the organization to identify important problems that need urgent solutions. Additionally, functional conflicts pr ovide information that facilitates consideration or reconsideration of decisions that affect various stakeholders in an organization. Dysfunctional conflicts, on the other hand, have negative effects to the organization. In most cases, dysfunctional conflicts encourage hostilities, weaken group cohesion and divert energies. Conflict management focuses on reducing the negative effects of dysfunctional conflicts. It attempts to promote organizational learning, as well as, group outcomes such as employees’ performance. Conflicts emerge from different sources with an organization. Thus, effective conflict management requires an â€Å"in-depth understanding of the nature and sources of conflicts within the organization†. This paper focuses on the sources of conflicts within organizations. The difficulties faced by managers in reducing conflicts will be highlighted. Additionally, recommendations for reducing conflict and its negative effects will be suggested.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cultural Conflicts Culture refers to â€Å"shared attributes, values, goals and practices that characterize an institution, organization or a group†. People tend to hold different values, beliefs and attitudes in different parts of the world. Thus, culture varies from region to region. Cultural conflicts normally develop when members of a multicultural workforce can not tolerate each others culture. Intolerance to cultural differences can cause interpersonal and intergroup conflicts. It can also cause conflicts with groups in an organization. Cultural conflicts occur under the following circumstances. First cultural conflicts can occur when members of the organization hold different values. People perceive the world according to their cultural orientations. Thus, the beliefs of a worker can conflict with those of her co-workers. Workers who can not a ccept opposing views will, thus, have trouble in working with colleagues. For instance, workers and labor unions in America believe in negotiations as a way of solving organizational problems or conflicts. However, in Asia, most organizational problems are solved through a top-down decision making approach. Thus, conflict is likely to arise between American and Asian workers regarding the approach to solving an organizational problem. Second, cultural conflicts can result from non-correspondence of behavior. The business culture in a given country determines the accepted level of employees’ effort, accountability, and leadership style. Thus, the behavior of employees will be based on their culture. For instance, leadership in Japan is associated with the male gender. Consequently, Japanese who can not tolerate cultural differences will find it difficult to obey a female leader. Finally, cultural conflicts are caused by poor communication. People from different cultures normal ly speak different languages. Hence, conflicts arise if the language or communication channel used in the organization does not promote understanding among the employees. Difficulties in Minimizing Cultural Conflicts Lack of a clear understanding of cultural differences is the main challenge in minimizing cultural conflicts. A manager will not be able to identify and solve cultural conflicts if she does not understand the cultures of the employees. Learning the cultures of most employees is usually difficult since it involves a lot of time and commitment which most managers do not have.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Conflict in People in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Language barriers within the organization can prevent employees from channeling their grievances to the management. In some cases, language barriers limit the management’s ability to implement decisions that are me ant to solve organizational conflicts. For example, a manager can decide to promote teamwork in order to enhance group cohesion. However, teamwork can be interpreted differently in different cultures, thereby limiting the chances of promoting team cohesion. Incompatibility of staff expectations and the organization’s priorities is also an impediment in the process of cultural conflict resolution. In this context, the employees might not accept the approach used by the organization to manage cultural conflicts. In such circumstances, the conflict between the employees is likely to continue instead of reducing. Finally, managers might not be aware of the best strategies to solve cultural conflicts. The use of an inappropriate approach to conflict resolution can create new conflicts or worsen the existing conflicts in an organization. Addressing Cultural Conflicts Cultural conflicts can be managed effectively through a multi-dimensional approach. First, the concerned manager sho uld attempt to learn and understand the cultures of his employees or team members. This can be achieved through culture immersion, as well as, learning new languages. Cross-cultural competency will enable the manager to understand the employees from their cultural perspectives. Hence, the manager will be able to develop organizational policies that take into account employees’ cultural make-up in order to avoid conflicts. Second, cultural conflicts can be reduced through staff training and development. In a multicultural workforce, the employees must be trained on the business cultures associated with the organization and its subsidiaries. For example, cohesion in a multinational corporation with its headquarters in America and subsidiaries in India and China can benefit from cross-cultural training. In this case, the employees in America will be trained on the business culture in India and China. The employees from China and India, on the other hand, will be trained on the b usiness culture in America. Additionally, the training should be backed up with mentorship programs that promote teamwork and tolerance to diversity. Third, cultural conflicts can be managed by adopting a cross-cultural communication policy or strategy. The strategy should define the most suitable language and communication channels to convey important messages within the organization (Kornberger and Pitsis, 2011, pp. 306-319). Additionally, the objectives of the communication strategy should enhance cultural tolerance and teamwork among employees.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, adopting appropriate human resource management policies can help in reducing cultural conflicts. Employee selection process should be based on a predetermined criterion that defines the desired personality attributes in the workforce (Bambacas and Patrickson, 2009, pp. 109-120). This will help in selecting the right employees who can tolerate cultural differences. Performance appraisal and remuneration policies should take into account the cultural make-up of employees in order to promote acceptance. In conclusion, managing cultural conflicts should be a teamwork that involves managers, employees and outside experts. Teamwork will enable the organization to identify several solutions and select the best alternative to manage cultural conflicts. Organizational Structure Conflict can arise from the organizational structure of a firm. Organizational structure refers to the activities such as coordinating production, supervising employees and allocating tasks; which are meant t o achieve the objectives of the firm. Organizational structure can lead to conflicts under the following circumstances. First, conflicts can arise if there is ambiguity in the organizational structure. Ambiguity in the purpose, as well as, the objectives of the organization can lead to divergent views on the best strategy to be pursued. When the objectives of the organization are not clearly defined, each manager might have a different opinion on the best strategy to be pursued. Thus, there will be conflict of opinion at the management level. In some cases, the members of the organization may have the same objective, but different views on the best approach to achieve the objectives. Second, role conflicts can arise if decision rights, task allocation and reporting relationships are not clearly defined (Leluch, Banthan and Kasouf, 2011, pp. 1082-1088). Decision rights define the authorities entrusted with the task of making important decisions in the organization. Conflict over the legitimacy of decisions can arise if there is no consensus on the individuals allowed to make certain decisions. Role conflict arises when the job descriptions do not clearly specify the tasks allocated to each employee. Thus, employees and their supervisors may disagree on what they are supposed to do or not do. Finally, conflict can arise due to scarcity of resources (Shanon and Gent, 2011, pp. 124-144). Some departments or groups in the organization are likely to receive more resources than others if the resource allocation policies do not promote equity. Inequality in resource allocation normally results into competition among members of the organization. Competition for scare resources can degenerate into hostility and confrontations. Additionally, competition for supremacy can result into conflicts. For example, two employees competing for promotion can resort to unorthodox means such as blackmail in order to outshine each other (Shanon and Gent, 2011, pp. 124-144). Difficulti es in Minimizing Conflicts Caused by Organizational Structure Reviewing the organizational structure of a firm in order to identify the sources of conflict is usually very difficult. For example, reviewing the structure of a multinational corporation will require a lot of time and financial resources. Financially distressed organizations might not have the resources to devote to reviewing their structures. Thus, identifying sources of conflicts and appropriate solutions becomes difficult. In small firms, the organizational structure can be easily reviewed and the sources of conflicts identified. However, the managers may disagree on how to restructure the organization in order to reduce conflicts. Besides, the managers may lack the competence or skills required to restructure the organization. Finally, restructuring an organization involves significant changes in the organization’s processes. Most employees tend to fear change, especially, if such changes are likely to affect their work or roles within the organization. Consequently, restructuring the firm in order to eliminate sources of conflicts can, possibly, meet resistance from employees. Strategies for Minimizing Organizational Conflicts A review of the organizational structure should be done in order to identify the sources of conflicts (Hoogervrost, Koopman and Flier, 2004, pp. 288-311). Surveys, interviews, as well as, focus group discussions can be used to identify the sources of conflicts with the firm’s structure. Alternatively, best practice can be used to predict sources of conflicts with the organization. In this case, the management will use predetermined standards to assess the effectiveness of the organization’s structure. The following recommendations can, thus, be used to reduce conflicts arising from the structure of the firm. Ambiguity in the organizational structure can be eliminated by demarcating departments according to their objectives. Mutual dependence among d epartments should be promoted through appropriate teamwork policies. Role conflicts can be reduced by accurately delineating and allocating responsibilities according to employees’ capabilities and qualifications. The tasks assigned to the employees should match their skills and competencies (Clare and Danislovic, 2010, pp. 3-27). Additionally, the human resources policies should clearly define the reporting structure and decision rights in the organization. Conflicts over scare resources can be addressed by enhancing employees’ satisfaction. The resource and power distribution policy should encourage equity and fairness. Employees should be rewarded according to their efforts and contribution towards achievement of the organization’s goals. Additionally, functional conflicts can be achieved by encouraging every employee to express his opinion concerning the effectiveness of the organizational structure. Personal Conflict Personal conflicts refer â€Å"to an in dividual’s inner workings and personality problems†. Since personal conflict occurs at the individual level, it can also be referred to as intrapersonal conflict. Personal conflict occur when a person experiences difficulties when making a decision due to uncertainty. In this context, personal conflict can take three forms which include the following. First, a person can experience an approach-approach conflict. This occurs when an individual is expected to make a choice between two equally attractive options. For example, a manager can be in an approach-approach conflict if he has to select one of two equally profitable investments. Second, a person can experience an approach-avoidance conflict. In this case, the individual has to make a decision concerning a situation with both positive and negative aspects (Gala and Garoupa, 2002, pp. 41-65).This means that the individual experiences the same degree of attraction, as well as, repulsion towards competing goals. For ex ample, a manager is in an approach-avoidance conflict if he has to dismiss a high performing but rude sales executive. In this case, dismissing the sales executive has both negative and positive effects to the organization. Finally, an employee can experience avoidance-avoidance conflict (Gala and Garoupa, 2002, pp. 41-65). In this case, the individual has to choose between competing alternatives. However, both alternatives have negative consequences. For example, a manager can experience an avoidance-avoidance conflict if he has to choose between resigning and accepting a demotion. Personal conflicts can also occur when an employee decides to pursue interests (personal goals and objectives) that are incompatible with those of the organization. In conclusion, personal conflicts can be attributed to personality orientation, goal incongruence and the expected level of performance. Difficulties in Minimizing Personal Conflicts Detecting personal conflicts is challenging due to the diff iculty associated with predicting or understanding the personality of an employee. In most cases, self-reports are used to collect information about employees’ personality orientations. However, the inaccuracy of self-reports limits the usefulness of the information collected using them. Assessing an employee’s capability during recruitment is usually very difficult due to the subjective nature of the process. An employee can be assigned too high or too low targets if his or her capability is not correctly gauged. In such circumstances, the management will not be able to understand the source of conflict that is facing the employee. A person can also experience personal conflicts due to his or her personal problems. However, personal problems can not be understood by the management if such problems are not shared. Additionally, some employees tend to shy off from sharing their problems for fear of being rejected by their colleagues. Thus, the management will not be in a position to minimize the personal conflicts facing the employee. Strategies for Managing Personal Conflicts Counseling can be used when personal conflicts lead to frustrations and inefficiencies among employees. Counseling is an important method of dealing with personal conflicts since it enables the counselor to understand the personality and personal problems of the employee. Managers can be trained to offer basic counseling services to their employees, thereby eliminating the need to hire a professional counselor. Personal conflicts can also be minimized by enhancing the job characteristics. For instance, employees entrusted with the role of making decisions should be trained on a variety of skills that will enable them to make the right decisions or choices. Employees who can not work without supervision should not be entrusted with tasks or jobs that provide great autonomy. This is because such employees may fail to make the right decisions or they may use the freedom provide d by their jobs to fulfill their personal interests. Other job characteristics that should be enhanced include task identity, and task significance. Enhancing these characteristics will help in avoiding role conflicts and promote employee satisfaction. Conclusion Conflicts occur when there is perceived or actual incompatibility of values, needs and interests among members of an organization. Conflicts have both positive and negative effects in organizations. The negative effects of conflict include poor team cohesion, hostility among members of an organization and reduced productivity. Consequently, conflict management focuses on reducing the negative effects of conflicts (Gala and Garoupa, 2002, pp. 41-65). Sources of conflicts include organizational structure, cultural differences and personality orientation of employees. Understanding the cultures of employees is the main difficulty experienced by managers in their attempt to reduce cultural conflicts. Difficulty in understanding the personality orientation of employees limits the chances of reducing personal conflicts. Conflict management begins with identification of the sources of conflict. Appropriate strategies are then formulated to minimize the conflicts as discussed above. References Bambacas, M., and Patrickson, M., 2009. Assessment of Communication Skills in Manager Selection: Some Evidence from Australia. Journal of Management Development 28(2), pp.109-120. Clare, J., and Danislovic, V., 2010. Conflict Management and Peace Science 29(1), pp.3-27. Dreu, D., 2008. Conflict in Organizations. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gala, J., and Garoupa, N. 2002. A Theory of International Conflict Management. Public Choice 110(1), pp.41-65. Gent, S., 2010. Decision Control and the Pursuit of Binding Conflict Management: Choosing the Ties and Bind. Economics of Knowledge 20(4), pp.2-12. Hoogervrost, J., Koopman, P., and Flier, H., 2004. Impact of Communication in Organizations: the Impact of Culture, Structure and Man agement Practices and Employee Behavior. Journal of Management Psychology 19(3), pp.288-311. Johanios, K., 2010. How does Democratic Accountability Shape International Cooperation. Journal of Conflict Resolution 34(2), pp.28-55. Kornberger, C., and Pitsis, M., 2011. Managing and Organizations: an Introduction to Thoery and Practice. London: Sage. Leluch, K., Banthan, J., and Kasouf, C., 2011. The Role of Trust in Buyer-Seller Conflict Management. Journal of Business Research 64(10), pp.1082-1088. Majur, K., 2010. Positive Organizational Culture as a New trend in Cross-Cultural Management. Journal of Positive Management 1(2), pp.65-74. McCalman, J., 2009. Lateral Hierarchy: The Case of Cross-Cultural Management Teams. European Management Journal 14(5), pp.509-517. Pathak, M., 2011. Managing Organizational Conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(5), pp.710-734. Shanon, M., and Gent, S., 2011. Bias and the Effectiveness of Third-Party Conflict Managment Mechanisms. Conflict Managem ent and Peace Science 28(2), pp.124-144. Shimoni, B., 2011. The Representation of Culture in Interactions and Cross Culture Management. Journal of International Management 17(1), pp.30-41. Usanier, J., 2011. Lenguage as a Resource to Access Cross-Cultural Equivalence in Quantitative Management Research. Journal of World Business 46(3), pp.314-319. This essay on Managing Conflict in People in Organizations was written and submitted by user Giant Man to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Health Risks Associated With Chromium-6

Health Risks Associated With Chromium-6 Chromium-6 is recognized as a human carcinogen when it is inhaled. Chronic inhalation of chromium-6 has been shown to increase the risk of lung cancer and may also damage the small capillaries in kidneys and intestines. Other adverse health effects associated with chromium-6 exposure, according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), include skin irritation or ulceration, allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, nasal irritation and ulceration, perforated nasal septa, rhinitis, nosebleed, respiratory irritation, nasal cancer, sinus cancer, eye irritation and damage, perforated eardrums, kidney damage, liver damage, pulmonary congestion and edema, epigastric pain, and erosion and discoloration of ones teeth. An Occupational Hazard NIOSH considers all chromium-6 compounds to be potential occupational carcinogens. Many workers are exposed to chromium-6 during the production of stainless steel, chromate chemicals, and chromate pigments. Chromium-6 exposure also occurs during work activities such as stainless-steel welding, thermal cutting, and chrome plating. Chromium-6 in Drinking Water The potentially adverse health effects of chromium-6 in drinking water have become an issue of growing concern nationwide. In 2010, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) tested tap water in 35 U.S. cities and found chromium-6 in 31 of them (89 percent). Water samples in 25 of those cities contained chromium-6 at concentrations higher than the safe maximum (0.06 parts per billion) proposed by California regulators, but far below the safety standard of 100 ppb for all types of chromium combined that was established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). That doesnt mean the EPA was declaring drinking water with a chromium-6 safe for human consumption. Rather, it underscored the lack of confirmed knowledge and clear guidelines concerning the level at which chromium-6 in drinking water becomes a public health hazard. In September 2010, the EPA launched a reassessment of chromium-6 when it released a draft human health assessment that proposes classifying chromium-6 as a likely carcinogenic to humans who ingest it. The EPA expects to complete the health-risk assessment and make a final determination about the cancer-causing potential of chromium-6 through ingestion in 2011  and will use the results to determine whether a new safety standard is needed. As of December 2010, the EPA has not established a safety standard for chromium-6 in drinking water. Evidence of Adverse Health Effects From Chromium-6 in Tap Water There is very little evidence of chromium-6 in drinking water causing cancer or other adverse health effects in humans. Only a few animal studies have found a possible connection between chromium-6 in drinking water and cancer, and only when the laboratory animals were fed levels of chromium-6 that were hundreds of times greater than the current safety standards for human exposure. Concerning those studies, the National Toxicology Program has said that chromium-6 in drinking water shows clear evidence of carcinogenic activity† in laboratory animals and increases the risk of gastrointestinal tumors. The California Chromium-6 Lawsuit The most compelling case for human health problems caused by chromium-6 in drinking water is the lawsuit that inspired the film, Erin Brockovich, starring Julia Roberts. The lawsuit alleged that Pacific Gas Electric (PGE) had contaminated groundwater with chromium-6 in the California town of Hinkley, leading to a high number of cancer cases. PGE operates a compressor station for natural gas pipelines at Hinkley, and chromium-6 was used in cooling towers at the site to prevent corrosion. Wastewater from the cooling towers, containing chromium-6, was discharged into unlined ponds and seeped into the groundwater and contaminated the towns drinking water. Although there was some question whether the number of cancer cases in Hinkley was higher than normal, and how much of a danger the chromium-6 actually posed, the case was settled in 1996 for $333 million- the largest settlement ever paid in a direct-action lawsuit in U.S. history. PGE later paid nearly as much to settle additional chromium-6-related claims in other California communities.

Coffee Growing Regions

Coffee Growing Regions Every morning, millions of people around the world enjoy a cup of coffee to get a jump start on their day. In doing so, they may not be aware of the specific locations that produced the beans used in their latte or black coffee. Top Coffee Growing and Exporting Regions of the World Generally, there are three primary coffee growing and exporting areas throughout the world and all are in the equatorial region. The specific areas are Central and South America, Africa and the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. National Geographic calls this area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn the Bean Belt as nearly all of the commercially grown coffee in the world comes out of these regions. These are the supreme growing areas because the best beans produced are those grown at high altitudes, in a moist, tropical climate, with rich soils and temperatures around 70 °F (21 °C) all of which the tropics have to offer. Similar to fine wine growing regions, however, there are variations on each of the three different coffee growing regions as well, which affects the overall flavor of the coffee. This makes each type of coffee distinct to its particular region and explains why Starbucks says, Geography is a flavor, when describing the different growing regions around the world. Central and South America Central and South America produce the most coffee out of the three growing locations, with Brazil and Colombia leading the way. Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama also play a role here. In terms of flavor, these coffees are considered mild, medium bodied, and aromatic. Colombia is the most well-known coffee producing country and is unique because of its exceptionally rugged landscape. However, this allows small family farms to produce the coffee and, as a result, it is consistently ranked well. Colombian Supremo is the highest grade. Africa and the Middle East The most famous coffees from Africa and the Middle East originate in Kenya and the Arabian Peninsula. Kenyan coffee is generally grown in the foothills of Mount Kenya and is full bodied and very fragrant, while the Arabian version tends to have a fruity flavor. Ethiopia is also a famous place for coffee in this region and is where coffee originated around 800 C.E. Even today, though, coffee is harvested there off of wild coffee trees. It mainly comes from Sidamo, Harer, or Kaffa   the three growing regions within the country. Ethiopian coffee is both full flavored and full bodied. Southeast Asia Southeast Asia is particularly popular for coffees from Indonesia and Vietnam. The Indonesian islands of Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi are famous around the world for their rich, full-bodied coffees with earthy flavors, whereas Vietnamese coffee is known for its medium bodied light flavor. Additionally, Indonesia is known for its warehouse aged coffees that originated when farmers wanted to store the coffee and sell it at a later date for a higher profit. It has since become highly valued for its unique flavor. After being grown and harvested in each of these different locations, the coffee beans are then shipped to countries around the world where they are roasted and then distributed to consumers and cafes. Some of the top coffee importing countries are  the United States, Germany, Japan, France, and Italy. Each of the aforementioned coffee exporting areas produce  coffee that is distinctive of its climate, topography  and even its growing practices. All of them, however, grow coffees that are famous around the world for their individual tastes and millions of people enjoy them every day.

Foreign Exchange Risk Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Foreign Exchange Risk - Case Study Example Another option to mitigate foreign exchange risk is the adaptation of foreign exchange services from a foreign currency exchange specialist. These specialists include the Canadian Forex and local banks in Canada. These experts will help reduce the risks associated with frequent transfers from Canadian dollars to the US dollar. This is done by entering into Canadian dollars earlier, and banks will only convert it during the payment period, so there will be no risk. The final and recommended option for mitigating risks is the purchase of foreign exchange contracts. In this case, Alliance will pay more cash than required to cover the costs of mitigation. This will cover any risk that may occur between the time when the money was deposited and the time of payment for the equipment to the supplier. For example, the price of equipment is $ 500,000, when the exchange rate is C $ 1.00 = U S 1.00. If the Alliance does not use the forward exchange contract and the payment time occurs when the exchange rate has moved by C $ 1.00 = 0.95 US dollars, then the Alliance will have to pay 526315 as the final price. This is $ 26,315 more than the original amount. But when the Alliance decides to buy a forward foreign exchange contract and which they decide with the bank to be one percent of the amount of Equipment, then the Alliance will have to pay 505,000. Therefore, the design concepts of the alliance will not worry about fluctuations in the exchange rate. They will save more than 21,000 US dollars.

SIM #11 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SIM #11 - Essay Example Paul expounds on the scope of leadership and the responsibility of every leader. 1 Thessalonians 5:12-24 is an important text because it defines the attitude that people should exhibit towards leaders in the community. Paul puts into perspective a number of issues such as the faint hearted and those who are bound by passion to respond to the call of the community of believers. There are weak believers who act differently from the rest of community of believers2. Paul states that leaders should strive to deal with individuals who are deemed deviant in the community as a consequence of making them have a sense of belonging. Consequently, Paul appeals to the leaders to encourage the faint hearted and the weak. In Mark 10: 42-45 the Bible says that an appropriate service commands respect that is shown through love. In the subsequent passages Paul elaborates on the life of a believer and the various tribulations that Christians face. The apostle Paul tells the believers to rejoice despite the tribulations and advises on the essence of prayer. Additionally, Paul underscores the importance of living a life that is guided by the spirit. He notes that spiritual well-being brings a connection to the divine. Paul also integrates the importance of the gift of prophecy among the believers. Ideally, leaders and the followers should have a relationship that is based on mutual respect and understanding everyones

Autocratic Democratic And Laissez Faire Management Essay

Autocratic Democratic And Laissez Faire Management Essay In the past twelve months I have witnessed quite a few leadership styles. When i was working in one of the diamond manufacturing companys the leader of the firm was the owner himself. He was a democratic leader he used to lead us by setting examples himself. All the decisions concerning the firm was always taken after consulting the employees of the company. Opinions of all the employees were duly considered before setting goals and targets which were to be achieved. But once the target were set he made clear that it has to be achieved under all circumstances because no targets were set without consulting the employees and above all targets which were set were realistic targets. This type of leadership behaviour is termed as job-centred behaviour by (Buchanan Huczynski 2010, p.598) the company in which I was working was a small size firm with only twenty employees working in it. He had no assistants and use to manage all the employees all by himself. Being a leader he had to deal wi th individual, group and organizational goals which he did it very efficiently and effectively. As mentioned in Buchanan Huczynski(2010)Managers do the things right but leaders do the right things he always did the right things at the right time as a true leader. According (Feilder 1996, cited in Hellriegel, et al. 2010, p.333) Group atmosphere is defined as the level at which a leaders control is accepted. Here in this case the group atmosphere was not at its peak. And the task structure was more of a routine one where goals were clearly defined by the leader to all the employees. According to Burns (1978), cited in Dawson(1996, p.227) he distinguishes leaders in two categories one as transformational leader and other as an transactional leader. the leader of our group was a transactional leader the one who gives what the employee desires and in return ask employees to full fill leaders desires. Here the employees wants were to earn money this was satisfied by giving their hard work and time to the company, an in return employees desires were fulfilled by getting the job done by paying the money to the employee. All employees were satisfied under his leadership style and behaviour including me which led to an comfortable organizational atmosphere to work in to and in this way enhanced organizational performance. The other example which I have noticed is an example of my father when I used to work in our family business. Here the relationship between me and my father was that of a leader, follower relationship. Here the leadership style which I observed was an autocratic one. As I was still a learner into the business I dint have much of knowledge and experience to take decisions. Here the group atmosphere was at its peak and the task structure was a non-routine one because here in this case the leader knows the better than the employee to perform a particular task (Feilder 1996, cited in Hellriegel, et al. 2010, p.333). The organisational goal were common that to increase the sales and thereby increasing the profits of the company. The leadership behaviour observed here was of employee-centred leadership behaviour. This means that the leader focuses on the relationship between the leader and the employee and he also focuses on the need of the employee (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010, p.606) as per James McGregor Burns(1978) the leader here was a transformational leader which means that the followers treated here with relationship in terms of motivation and commitment, and inspiring the followers to give more than the expected to improve organizational performance. The leadership style changes with the same person when it comes to different organization. For example when I am with my father during the office hours he is an autocratic leader, but as soon as we come back from work the leadership style changes. This is supported by Vroom and yettons (1973), cited in Rosenfeld and Wilson (1999, p.201) describes normative theory of leadership effectiveness, which says that the leadership style changes according to different situations. My father is the leader of our family also, here a different style of leadership is observed. Laissez-faire type of leadership is adopted here where all the members of the organization has the freedom to do whatever he wants to do. Here the decisions are not forced upon anybody and everyone has the full freedom to do whatever one wishes to do. Here the common organizational goal is to run the house effectively which the leader has to take care of. Which is fulfilled under this style of leadership. The leadership which I have noticed in the past twelve can also be termed as participative leadership in the first case and supportive leadership in the second and third case (Luthans 2002, p.587).Thus in the end we can say that leadership style and behaviour changes with different organization. From the above given examples also we can state that an effective leader always leads to an effective organizational. And thus in the end according to my own personal experinces I can say that there is a strong relationship between leadership style and behaviour to organizational performance. Refernces:- Buchanan, A.D. and Huczynski, A.A. 2010, Organizational Behaviour. 7th Edition. Essex: Pearson Education. pp. 596-622 Dawson.S.1996,Analysing Organisations. 3rd Edition. Essex: McMillan Press. pp.227-230 Hellriegel, D. et al. 2001, Organizational Behaviour.9th Edition. Essex: South-Western College Publishing.pp.322-354 Luthans, F. 2002, Organizational Behaviour. 9th Edition. Essex: McGraw Hill Higher Education. pp.587 Rosenfeld, R.H. and Wilson, D.C.1999, Managing Organization. 2nd Edition. Essex: McGraw hill publishing company. pp. 201

Oppression in A Tale of Two Cities Essay

In the book A Tale of Two Cities, one of the many themes present is that of oppression. There are many examples of this throughout the book, some more obvious than the others. We can see right away in the beginning that the French peasants are under a hideous oppression by the French aristocracy. All the people of the towns that are described are starved and in great pain, they are depressed and slinking about, gaunt skeletons of human beings. Their desperation is clearly evident in Chapter 5, when everyone nearby rushes to lick wine off of the city street when a barrel of it bursts after being dropped. As this is occurring, the wealthy French citizens are reclining indoors and use a ridiculous number of servants just to prepare a cup of hot water. When a poor man’s son is run over and killed by the rich Marquis’s carriage, the Marquis makes no apology, and tosses a couple coins at the grieving father. The aristocrats did not even think the peasants human; they treated them as animals, without a thought to their happiness or well being. Another example of oppression is in Mrs. Cruncher’s relationship with her husband. Mr. Cruncher orders her about, and treats her like a piece of property, just there to do his will and stay out of his way. When Jerry Cruncher catches his wife praying for his thieving soul, he takes it to mean that she wants him to be caught and punished, so he will stop grave robbing. His son sees him the next morning bashing his wife’s head into the headboard of their bed as a punishment for her prayers. Mrs. Cruncher lived in a constant oppressive atmosphere as she tried to conform to her husband’s wishes, but was never good enough for him, as he abused her pretty much every day. A more prominent example of this theme is shown in relation to Dr. Manette. The memory of the eighteen years he spent locked up in the Bastille constantly hangs over his head as a burden. His experience in that atmosphere was so awful that the mere memory of it oppresses him. The Doctor tended to fall back into his half-crazed childlike state throughout the book  because his experiences were more than his mind could deal with. Finally, a major example of oppression taking place is with Sidney Carton. He is oppressed by an addiction to alcohol. His life had taken several bad turns, making him a depressed, almost broken man. When he met Lucy Manette, he felt as though his life now had a purpose again, because he loved her so much. However, Carton realized that with his character and lifestyle, he would never be able to make her happy. The alcohol he had turned to for comfort, which had been his only friend for years, was now working against him. Carton was so far gone that he was no longer able to give up drinking, no matter how much he wanted to. Alcohol now virtually controlled his life, dictating what he could or could not do. This was an awful example of self-induced oppression. Oppression is such a powerful theme in A Tale of Two Cities, probably to demonstrate how people can put it upon themselves, and how they can break free from it if they believe in their cause enough.

John Romanos Coming Home to Television A Review

John Romano writes about the transition from erudite academic writing to writing for the masses in popular television in Coming Home to Television. The essay addresses the differences between what is considered highbrow versus what is considered lowbrow art and creative expression, especially in the realm of literature. Ironically, Romano writes about television from a scholarly perspective. He is only somewhat sarcastic when Romano notes that the transition from academia to television script writing was a step down. Walter Karp does not address the differences between writing for school and writing for television. However, Karp does harp on the inefficiencies of the American public school system. Karp focuses more on class issues related to education, such as unequal access to gifted education between lower-income versus higher-income families. Karp also incorporates issues related to educational tracking in his essay, Why Johnny Cant Think. What the two articles have in common is t he way the authors expose the divide between highbrow and lowbrow culture in America, although they address these matters from completely different perspectives and points of view. Both writing for academic audiences and for television audiences requires mastery of certain jargon, style, technique, and approach. For example, writing for television requires understanding of what audiences want. Romano needs to know what his audiences like, and needs to write so that the viewer keeps coming